Influence of permanent raised bed planting and residue management on physical and chemical soil quality in rain fed maize/wheat systems

Densely populated, intensively cropped highland areas in the tropics and subtropics are prone to erosion and declining soil fertility, making agriculture unsustainable. Conservation agriculture in its version of permanent raised bed planting with crop residue retention has been proposed as an alternative wheat production system for this agro-ecological zone. A five years field experiment comparing permanent and tilled raised beds with different residue management under rainfed conditions was started at El Batán (Mexico) (2,240 m asl; 19.31°N, 98.50°W; Cumulic Phaeozem) in 1999. The objective of this study was to determine the soil quality status after five years of different management practices. The K concentration was 1.65 times and 1.43 times larger in the 0–5 cm and 5–20 cm profiles, respectively, for permanent raised beds compared to conventionally tilled raised beds. The Na concentration showed the opposite trend. Sodicity was highest for conventionally tilled raised beds and for permanent raised beds it increased with decreasing amounts of residue retained on the surface. Permanent raised beds with full residue retention increased soil organic matter content 1.4 times in the 0–5 cm layer compared to conventionally tilled raised beds with straw incorporated and it increased significantly with increasing amounts of residue retained on the soil surface for permanent raised beds. Soil from permanent raised beds with full residue retention had significantly higher mean weight diameter for wet and dry sieving compared to conventionally tilled raised beds. Permanent raised beds with full residue retention had significantly higher aggregate stability compared to those with residue removal. A lower aggregation resulted in a reduction of infiltration. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using these soil physicochemical variables that were significantly influenced by tillage or residue management. The PC1 and PC2 separated the conventionally tilled raised beds from the permanent raised beds and PC3 separated permanent raised beds with at least partial residue retention from permanent raised beds with no residue retention. These clear separations suggest that tillage and residue management have an effect on soil processes. The research indicates that permanent raised bed planting increases the soil quality and can be a sustainable production alternative for the (sub)tropical highlands. Extensive tillage with its associated high costs can be reduced by the use of permanent raised beds while at least partial surface residue retention is needed to insure production sustainability.     

春小地片质膜氧化还原系统及其对缓慢干旱胁迫的响应

研究了抗旱性不同的2个品种小麦（Triticum aestivum L.)叶片质膜氧化还原系统的部分性南及其在田间缓慢干时时下氧化还原活力的变化。结果显示,2个品种小麦叶片质膜氧化还原活性的最适pH为8．0,最适温度在40℃左右,Mg^2 对其活性有刺激作用,Ca^2 对其活性没有影响。但这2个品种叶片的质膜氧化还原系统对K^ 和Na^ 的响应不尽相同：在品种定西24中,K^ 刺激作用不太明显,Na^ 有一定的抑制作用;而在品种8139中,这两种离子都有明显的刺激作用。干旱降低了小麦叶片的水势和水分含量,影响了小麦的生长发育;在缓慢干旱下,小麦叶片质膜氧化还原活力在生长发育的前期上升;在后期,其活性不变或下降,这与前人在实验室内以植物幼苗进行短期而剧烈的模拟干旱下所观察的结果不同。这种差异的原因除了与植物材料不同有关外,主要与胁迫方式及植物的发育阶段有关。     

Isolation of plasma membrane fractions from green wheat leaves by free-flow electrophoresis or two-phase partition alone or in combination

Plasma membrane vesicles were isolated from shoots of light-grown wheat seedlings by preparative free-flow electrophoresis, aqueous polymer two-phase partition or both. Plasma membrane vesicles were identified from staining of thin sections prepared for electron microscopy with phosphotungstic acid at low pH. The orientation of the plasma membrane vesicles was determined from latency and trypsin sensitivity of K⁺ Mg²⁺ATPase and of glucan synthase II, and concanavalin A-peroxidase binding and membrane asymmetry visualized by electron microscopy. The K⁺Mg²⁺ATPase and of glucan synthase II activities of plasma membrane fractions isolated by two-phase partition were latent and trypsin resistant. The vesicles bound concanavalin A-peroxidase strongly and exhibited a cytoplasmic side-in morphology. These fractions of cytoplasmic side-in vesicles were less than 10% contaminated by cytoplasmic side-out vesicles. By free-flow electrophoresis, two populations of vesicles which stained with phosphotungstic acid at low pH, designated D and E, were obtained. The vesicle population with the lower electrophoretic mobility, fraction E, contained plasma membrane vesicles with properties similar to those of the plasma membrane vesicles obtained after two-phase partition. The phosphotungstic-reactive vesicles with greater electrophoretic mobility, fraction D, were concanavalin A unreactive with the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet outwards. Less than 50% of the K⁺Mg²⁺-ATPase activity of this fraction was latent and trypsin sensitive. The vesicles of fraction D appeared to be preferentially cytoplasmic side-out. The electrophoretic mobilities of cytoplasmic side-out (non-latent glucan synthase II activity) and cytoplasmic side-in (latent glncan synthase II activity) plasma membrane vesicles isolated from a frozen and thawed wheat plasma membrane fraction, corresponded with the mobilities of fraction D and E, respectively, again showing that the plasma membrane vesicles with the lesser electrophoretic mobility were cytoplasmic side-in. The cytoplasmic side-in and cytoplasmic side-out vesicles therefore showed opposite eletrophoretic mobilities compared with a previous free-flow electrophoretic separation of soybean plasma membranes. The majorities of the plasma membrane vesicles of both fractions D and E entered the upper phase upon two-phase partition with the phase composition used for purification of wheat plasma membranes. Thus, neither electrophoretic mobility nor phase partitioning characteristics can be used as the only criteria for assignment of vesicle orientation.     

小麦胚胎分化时营养吸收一种可能方式的细胞学论据

以光学与电子显微镜术结合荧光标记物示踪,对小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）胚胎分化时胚根鞘的形态结构特征的变化与营养吸收相联系进行了实验观察。发现在分化前期胚根鞘顶端的球状突起处和颈区朝向颖果背面一侧的特定位点上出现了结构的变更;外沿局部细胞的衰退瓦解导致这些区段内侧存活细胞分界壁上出现大量残存的胞间连丝。不透膜的荧光物质、分子量达４３ｋＤ的ＦＩＴＣｄｅｘｔｒａｎ可进入球状突起和颈区多处细胞,表明残存胞间连丝仍具有共质传输功能,是分化幼胚摄取外围介质中营养物质的一种方式。分化进程中颈区的短时期局部缺损与随后的修复以及衰退区周围多层细胞胞间通透性的显著增大,既有利于外源物质的适时与大量掺入和在细胞间的快速运转,并仍保持了胚根鞘的结构完整,与分化前期胚胎对养分的大量需求正相适应,显示出胚根鞘的颈区比之球状突起处在营养吸收上占有更重要的地位。     

农杆菌介导的半夏凝集素基因(Pinellia Ternate Agglutinin Gene,pta)对小麦的遗传转化及鉴定

以甘肃主要推广春小麦品种陇春22幼胚为转基因受体材料,建立了农杆菌介导的小麦遗传转化体系。以预培养4天的幼胚愈伤组织为受体,C58c1农杆菌菌株为供体,将含有半夏凝集素基因的重组质粒pBIpta转入了小麦,经G418 25 mg/L抗性筛选、PCR检测和荧光定量PCR检测共获得转基因植株3株,外源基因的插入拷贝数分别为2、1、3。同时对转基因小麦的T₁代植株进行了PCR检测和抗虫性分析,表明半夏凝集素基因在转基因植株的后代中得到了遗传并有一定的抗蚜虫作用。     

条锈病对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片光合功能及光合功能蛋白D1表达的影响

测定了小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)感染小麦条锈病后的光合常数,以及叶绿素含量、类囊体膜光合电子传递速率和光合反应中心D1蛋白的变化.实验显示,条锈病侵染导致感病小麦叶片净光合速率与叶绿素含量降低;抗病小麦经侵染后净光合速率却有恢复过程,叶绿素含量先降后升.此外,感病小麦叶片被侵染后全链电子传递速率受到抑制,PSII电子传递速率的变化与全链电子传递速率的变化趋势相似,但PSI电子传递速率受到的影响较小;抗病小麦小麦叶片被侵染后电子传递速率所受影响较小.同时发现,病程中,感病和抗病小麦PSII的光合反应中心D1蛋白含量变化总是与PSII电子传递速率的变化类似,推测D1蛋白的表达量变化是引起PSII电子传递活性与全链电子传递速率变化的主要因素之一.     

植物气孔导度的机理模型

Ball-Berry气孔导度模型及其修正模型是评价植物叶片气孔调节的重要工具。该文从CO₂分子在叶片气孔中扩散这个最基本的物理过程出发, 应用物理学中的分子扩散和碰撞理论、流体力学与植物生理学等知识, 严格推导出叶片气孔导度的机理模型。利用美国Li-Cor公司生产的Li-6400光合作用测定仪控制CO₂浓度、湿度和温度, 测量了华北平原冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)的光响应数据和气孔导度数据。拟合结果表明: 推导的气孔导度机理模型较之Ball-Berry气孔导度模型和Tuzet等气孔导度模型, 能更好地描述冬小麦的气孔导度与净光合速率之间的关系。如果用气孔导度的机理模型耦合光合作用对光响应的修正模型, 则耦合模型可以很好地描述华北平原冬小麦叶片气孔导度对光强的响应曲线, 并可直接估算冬小麦的最大气孔导度和对应的饱和光强, 同时可以研究最大气孔导度是否与最大净光合速率同步的问题。拟合结果还表明: 冬小麦在30 ℃、560 μmol·mol^-1CO₂, 或在32 ℃、370 μmol·mol^-1CO₂条件下, 最大气孔导度与最大净光合速率并不同步。     

小偃麦原生质体培养及植株再生

硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf.AABB)和中间偃麦革[Elytrigia intermedium(Host)Nevski BBEEFF]的杂种 F_1——小偃麦的幼穗诱导的胚性愈伤组织继代培养近两年后,转入修改的 MS 液体培养基建成胚性细胞悬浮系。从此悬浮系分离的原生质体在修改的 KM_(8p)培养基中培养48小时后出现第一次分裂。15天后,在液体浅层培养条件下的细胞分裂频率为2%;而用1.2%琼脂糖固化进行固体平板培养时,细胞的分裂频率则为12.14%。20—30天后,添加渗透压降低的原生质体培养液。当从原生质体再生的愈伤组织长至2—4mm 大小时,逐步转至生长及分化培养基上再生出完整植株。     

两个小麦14-3-3基因的特征、亚细胞定位及其对非生物胁迫的响应(英文)

为了探讨14-3-3基因在小麦逆境胁迫应答中的调控作用,利用RACE技术克隆了两个包含完整编码框的14-3-3基因(命名为Ta14R1和Ta14R2),其中Ta14R1 cDNA长999 bp,编码262个氨基酸,而Ta14R2 cDNA长897 bp,编码261个氨基酸。Ta14R1/Ta14R2-GFP融合载体瞬时表达结果显示,Ta14R1和Ta14R2蛋白均定位于细胞质和细胞膜,但不在叶绿体中。荧光定量PCR分析表明,Ta14R1和Ta14R2均在萌发1 d的胚芽鞘中表达量最高;在高温、低温、模拟干旱和ABA处理下,两个基因在小麦的根和叶中都受胁迫诱导而且显著上调表达,推测这两个14-3-3基因通过依赖ABA的非生物胁迫响应途径发挥作用,可能参与了小麦中高温、低温和干旱胁迫的耐受调节过程。     

Effect of Increasing Concentrations of Heavy Metals on the Growth of Barley and Wheat Seedlings

The tolerance to increasing doses of lead and cadmium salts on the growth and survival of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were studied. Seedlings grown under controlled conditions were treated with dilute (0.001–0.005 mM) solutions of either lead nitrate or cadmium bromide for 1, 4, or 7 days. Subsequently, they were incubated for 7 days in solutions of the same compounds, but at sublethal or lethal concentrations (0.05–10 mM). Plant pretreatment with low concentrations of heavy metals induced an increase in their tolerance to the metals, because pretreated plants could tolerate heavy metals at high concentrations. It is concluded that plant tolerance to increasing concentrations of heavy metals is related to the activation of protective and adaptive processes in their tissues.