赤眼蜂在田间环境下的存活时间及其影响因子研究

目前,淹没式释放是赤眼蜂田间应用的主要方式,在这种释放方式下成虫羽化后在田间的存活时间是影响其防治效果的一个重要因素。本研究以松毛虫赤眼蜂雌成虫为材料,将赤眼蜂引入固定在桃树上的透气的塑料管中,研究了田间不同地面植被（紫花苜蓿和自然生杂草）和不同试验日期（5月31日、6月5日、7月17日、7月24日、8月24日和8月30日）温度、湿度、食物和叶片等因子对成虫存活时间的影响。结果表明：不同地面植被和不同试验日期松毛虫赤眼蜂成虫的存活时间差异显著,成虫的存活时间紫花苜蓿区明显长于自然生杂草区;5月31日和6月5日试验日期的成虫存活时间最长,7月17日和7月24日试验日期成虫的存活时间最短。成虫的存活时间与温度和湿度都呈显著负相关,但温度对成虫存活时间的影响更为显著。松毛虫赤眼蜂羽化后补充营养可以显著延长成虫的存活时间;食物充足的条件下,桃叶的存在使成虫的存活时间明显延长。结论认为,在田间环境下温度和食物是影响赤眼蜂成虫存活时间的主要因子。     

温度对感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂种群参数的影响

在16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃恒温下,观察了温度对感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂发育、存活和繁殖的影响,组建了相应温度下的实验种群生命表。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂的发育历期随着温度的升高而逐渐缩短,5个温度下感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂世代的发育历期分别为23.2、17.8、13.2、11.1和7.8天,世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为7.40℃和212.69日·度,内禀增长率(r_m)和净生殖力(R₀)分别介于0.2448～0.4584和28.00～84.03之间。结果提示温度24℃～28℃为繁殖感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂的理想温度条件。     

人工释放赤眼蜂对棉铃虫的防治作用及相关生态效应

1998～2000年在河北省南皮县棉区转Bt基因棉田及常规棉田中设置4种不同的组合处理,通过释放螟黄赤眼蜂控制棉铃虫的方法,减少化学农药的使用,达到提升和增强自然生物控制力的生态效应;并以不采取任何防治措施的常规棉田为常规棉对照田。研究表明：（1）转基因棉和常规棉棉田中自然寄生率随棉铃虫世代的增加而逐渐升高,2、3和4代棉铃虫卵被寄生率范围分别为13.3%～14.3%、26.7%～28.2%和60.8%～61.4%。（2）棉铃虫2代期,在常规棉综防田释放赤眼蜂2次,其寄生率为46.4%, 比未释放赤眼蜂的转基因棉棉田和常规棉对照田提高33.1%和32.1%; 3代期,转基因棉棉田释放赤眼蜂1次,其寄生率与常规棉综防田释放4次的效果相当,分别为73.7%和68.1%;但与转基因棉不放蜂田、常规棉化防田及对照田相比,分别提高45.5%、61. 8%和47.0%;4代期,无论放蜂与否,各处理棉田中的寄生率除化防田外（52.1%）均在60%以上。（3）常规棉化防田棉铃虫2代和3代期,分别使用农药2和3次,其自然寄生率分别为5.5%和11.9%,与对照田相比,分别降低8.8%和14.8%;与常规棉综防田相比,分别降低40.9%和56.2%;释放赤眼蜂的效果与施药时间有关,放蜂后1天内施药,寄生率仅为12.5%,施药后2天放蜂,寄生率达45.6%。（4）转基因棉棉田棉铃虫累计数和百株蕾铃被害数比常规棉综防田分别减少74.8%和73.8%,捕食性天敌增加63.0%;放蜂Bt棉田比不放蜂Bt棉田棉铃虫累计数、百株蕾铃被害数分别减少61.8%和33.3%;常规棉综防田棉铃虫累计数、百株蕾铃被害数、农药使用量比化防棉田分别减少29.7%、43.4%和60.0%,捕食性天敌数量增加63.0%。（5）转基因棉田和综防棉田的益害比（捕食性天敌/植食性害虫）分别为0.47∶1和0.30∶1, 而化防棉田为0.24∶1。上述结果表明释放赤眼蜂可弥补抗虫棉后期抗性减弱的不足,增加田间自然天敌的数量,提高对棉田害虫的自然控害功能。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系在不同品种柞蚕卵中的寄生和生长发育表现

[目的]明确两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi在不同品种柞蚕Antheraea pernyi卵中的寄生及发育表现,为以柞蚕卵为替代寄主更好地规模化繁育赤眼蜂提供依据.[方法]测定两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系雌蜂在6个品种柞蚕卵[抗大(KD)、大四(DS)、高新(GX)、9...     

Multigenerational maternal effect on diapause induction in Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Maternal photoperiodic response is known to influence the percentage of diapausing prepupae in Trichogramma species. However, the influence of several preceding generations has not yet been studied. We have investigated the stability of photoperiod-induced changes in multiple generations of Trichogramma buesi Voegele and Trichogramma principium Sug. et Sor. Short-day conditions during preimaginal development induced an increase in the percentage of diapausing progeny and grand progeny of both Trichogramma species. A similar trend was also detected in the fourth and fifth generations, but the response was weak although statistically significant. This grand-grandmaternal photoperiodic effect (which has not been demonstrated before for Trichogramma or for any other insect parasitoid) is most probably based on the transgenerational transmission of variations in DNA expression. We conclude that in mass rearing, to facilitate diapause induction before cold storage, it is advisable to rear both maternal and grandmaternal generations under the short-day conditions. In scientific studies, several generations preceding the experiment should be kept under equal conditions to exclude multigenerational maternal effects.     

赤眼蜂、白僵菌防治苹果害虫的研究

研究表明,利用松毛虫赤跟蜂防治苹果小卷叶蛾、梨小食心虫;白僵菌处理地面．防治桃小食心虫的寄生效果,均可达90％左右,防治效果优于化学农药．赤眼蜂应掌握在害虫始卵期开始放蜂．5天1次,连放4次,每亩总放蜂量12万头．白僵菌应在桃小食心虫越冬代幼虫出土始盛期和盛期各防治1次,每次每亩用菌剂(100亿孢子／g)2kg．加25％对硫磷微胶囊剂0．15kg．兑水150kg,在树冠下地面喷洒．喷后覆草是提高防治效果的关键．     

Locomotor activity ofTrichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera) under the influence of high-temperature shocks

In order to assess the effects of high temperatures prevailing during the releases ofTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko parasitoid used against the European corn borerOstrinia nubilalis Hübner, we exposed wasps in the white pupa stage (WP) to single or double shocks (at 35 or 44°C for 6 h) in the laboratory. The locomotor activity of adults in the presence ofO. nubilalis egg masses is greater than in pure air. Single or double shocks at 35°C have little effect on the females. On the contrary, wasps exposed to single or double shocks at 44°C had a lower motility than control wasps.     

The side-effects of pesticides used in integrated production of peaches in Brazil on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

Abstract: The side‐effects of six pesticides used on peaches in Brazil were tested on the hymenopteran egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae using four laboratory tests: (a) adult parasitoid exposure to fresh pesticide residue on glass plates (worse case); (b) direct spray of host eggs enclosing the parasitoid egg, larvae or pupae (less‐exposed life stages); (c) exposure of adults to pesticide residues on plant leaves at different intervals after application (persistence); (d) Dose–response pesticide exposures of adults on glass plates. Two dose rates were used: (1) The highest recommended field dosage (FD) and (2) the predicted initial environmental concentrations (PIEC). The results showed that the preparations greatly differed in their initial toxicity and persistence. The insecticide Valient^® (methoxyphenozide) and the fungicide Venturol^® (dodine) were considered harmless to T. cacoeciae adults as they fell into the class 1 category according to the guidelines of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) when parasitoids were directly exposed to chemical residues. The insecticide/acaricide Assist^® (mineral oil) was slightly harmful at the rate of PIEC 0.4 (40% of FD) and moderately harmful at FD. Pesticides in the categories harmless and moderately harmful can be considered for use in integrated pest management (IPM). The fungicide/acaricide Kumulus DF^® (sulphur) and the insecticides Dipterex^® 500 (triclorfon) and Lebaycid^® 500 (fenthion) were harmful at both concentrations. In the persistence test, Assist^® was short lived and therefore may in special cases (i.e. reduced direct contact) be considered for use in IPM, but Kumulus^® DF, Dipterex^® 500 and Lebaycid^® 500 constantly reduced parasitism between 77 and 100% and were rated as persistent (more than 30 days). The direct spray of parasitized host eggs at intervals after parasitism showed that Assist^® and Kumulus^® DF were harmless to the parasitoid egg, larvae and pupae within the host eggs. Dipterex^® 500 was slightly harmful when sprayed one day after parasitism (parasitoid egg) and moderately harmful to the other two stages (larvae and pupae). Lebaycid^® 500 was harmful to the parasitoid egg and larvae and moderately harmful to the pupae. The dose–response test showed that Kumulus^® DF and Dipterex^® 500 were toxic to T. cacoeciae. Kumulus^® DF was harmful from 1 PIEC 0.4 to 0.125 PIEC 0.4 dosages and was slightly harmful with 0.0625 PIEC 0.4 dosage. Dipterex^® 500 was harmful to T. cacoeciae in all the dosages tested.     

甘蔗螟虫绿色防控技术集成与应用

根据甘蔗螟虫发生与危害特点,协调应用各单项绿色防控技术。在甘蔗生长前期施用高效低毒杀虫剂,中期及中后期实施以性诱剂和赤眼蜂协调应用为主的防治螟虫关键技术,并加强田间管理。在广东遂溪县、翁源县和广西扶绥县两省区三地技术集成应用示范,结果表明:螟害防控效果明显,并取得了良好的经济效益和生态效益。