艾叶精油对玉米螟赤眼蜂的影响及两者对米蛾的联合作用

玉米螟赤眼蜂是生物防治中一种重要的天敌昆虫,为探明艾叶精油对玉米螟赤眼蜂的影响及两者对米蛾的联合防治效果,本文研究了艾叶精油熏蒸、触杀、驱避活性对玉米螟赤眼蜂的影响及艾叶精油和玉米螟赤眼蜂对米蛾的联合作用。结果表明,艾叶精油熏蒸和触杀处理对玉米螟赤眼蜂卵具有明显影响,寄生在米蛾卵上的玉米螟赤眼蜂卵经0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6μg/cm3艾叶精油熏蒸处理72h后玉米螟赤眼蜂的羽化率分别为56.67%、49.33%、44.00%、33.33%、26.00%和14.67%;寄生在米蛾卵上的玉米螟赤眼蜂卵经100、200、300、400、500、600mg/L艾叶精油触杀处理72h后玉米螟赤眼蜂的羽化率分别为54.00%、45.33%、38.00%、28.67%、18.00%和6.00%,均与对照组表现出显著性差异。艾叶精油驱避活性对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂也有明显的影响,300mg/L艾叶精油对玉米螟赤眼蜂的驱避率79.05%,随着时间间隔和距离间隔的增加,这种影响作用降低;联合应用艾叶精油与玉米螟赤眼蜂时先释放玉米螟赤眼蜂,24h后再滴加艾叶精油的防治效果最佳,米蛾的死亡率可高达96%。     

人工释放赤眼蜂对棉铃虫的防治作用及相关生态效应

1998～2000年在河北省南皮县棉区转Bt基因棉田及常规棉田中设置4种不同的组合处理,通过释放螟黄赤眼蜂控制棉铃虫的方法,减少化学农药的使用,达到提升和增强自然生物控制力的生态效应;并以不采取任何防治措施的常规棉田为常规棉对照田。研究表明：（1）转基因棉和常规棉棉田中自然寄生率随棉铃虫世代的增加而逐渐升高,2、3和4代棉铃虫卵被寄生率范围分别为13.3%～14.3%、26.7%～28.2%和60.8%～61.4%。（2）棉铃虫2代期,在常规棉综防田释放赤眼蜂2次,其寄生率为46.4%, 比未释放赤眼蜂的转基因棉棉田和常规棉对照田提高33.1%和32.1%; 3代期,转基因棉棉田释放赤眼蜂1次,其寄生率与常规棉综防田释放4次的效果相当,分别为73.7%和68.1%;但与转基因棉不放蜂田、常规棉化防田及对照田相比,分别提高45.5%、61. 8%和47.0%;4代期,无论放蜂与否,各处理棉田中的寄生率除化防田外（52.1%）均在60%以上。（3）常规棉化防田棉铃虫2代和3代期,分别使用农药2和3次,其自然寄生率分别为5.5%和11.9%,与对照田相比,分别降低8.8%和14.8%;与常规棉综防田相比,分别降低40.9%和56.2%;释放赤眼蜂的效果与施药时间有关,放蜂后1天内施药,寄生率仅为12.5%,施药后2天放蜂,寄生率达45.6%。（4）转基因棉棉田棉铃虫累计数和百株蕾铃被害数比常规棉综防田分别减少74.8%和73.8%,捕食性天敌增加63.0%;放蜂Bt棉田比不放蜂Bt棉田棉铃虫累计数、百株蕾铃被害数分别减少61.8%和33.3%;常规棉综防田棉铃虫累计数、百株蕾铃被害数、农药使用量比化防棉田分别减少29.7%、43.4%和60.0%,捕食性天敌数量增加63.0%。（5）转基因棉田和综防棉田的益害比（捕食性天敌/植食性害虫）分别为0.47∶1和0.30∶1, 而化防棉田为0.24∶1。上述结果表明释放赤眼蜂可弥补抗虫棉后期抗性减弱的不足,增加田间自然天敌的数量,提高对棉田害虫的自然控害功能。     

三唑类杀菌剂对三种赤眼蜂成蜂的急性毒性及风险评估

【目的】明确三唑类杀菌剂对天敌赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.的影响。【方法】在室内采用药膜法测定了其对稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead、亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂T. ostriniae Pang et Chen和拟澳洲赤眼蜂T. confusum Viggiani成蜂的急性毒性,并进行了风险评估。【结果】急性毒性测定结果表明,在测定的6种三唑类药剂中,氟环唑急性毒性最高,对稻螟赤眼蜂、拟澳洲赤眼蜂和亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂的LC₅₀分别为12.38(11.34~13.60),12.34 (10.34~15.07) 和41.12 (37.75~45.05) mg a.i/L;其次为苯醚甲环唑和种菌唑,这两种药剂对上述3种赤眼蜂的LC₅₀在507.14 (464.79~556.48)~2 246.93 (1 866.65~2 755.12) mg a.i/L之间;而环丙唑醇、戊唑醇和己唑醇对3种赤眼蜂的毒性最低,其LC₅₀在5 970.03 (5 062.21~7 093.93)~11 712.34(9 941.23~14 026.12) mg a.i/L之间。氟环唑对3种赤眼蜂为低风险性,安全性系数为0.10~0.34。苯醚甲环唑对拟澳洲赤眼蜂为中等风险性,安全性系数为3.96;而该药剂对稻螟赤眼蜂和亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂却均为低风险性,安全性系数分别为8.13和7.69。环丙唑醇、己唑醇、戊唑醇和种菌唑对测定的3种赤眼蜂成蜂均为低风险,其安全性系数在7.31~107.74之间。【结论】一些三唑类杀菌剂对赤眼蜂具有急性毒性潜力,在害虫综合治理中应谨慎使用三唑类杀菌剂,尤其是氟环唑,以免对赤眼蜂造成不良影响及危害。     

温度对感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂种群参数的影响

在16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃恒温下,观察了温度对感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂发育、存活和繁殖的影响,组建了相应温度下的实验种群生命表。结果表明,在实验温度范围内,感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂的发育历期随着温度的升高而逐渐缩短,5个温度下感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂世代的发育历期分别为23.2、17.8、13.2、11.1和7.8天,世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为7.40℃和212.69日·度,内禀增长率(r_m)和净生殖力(R₀)分别介于0.2448～0.4584和28.00～84.03之间。结果提示温度24℃～28℃为繁殖感染沃尔巴克氏体的松毛虫赤眼蜂的理想温度条件。     

Multigenerational maternal effect on diapause induction in Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Maternal photoperiodic response is known to influence the percentage of diapausing prepupae in Trichogramma species. However, the influence of several preceding generations has not yet been studied. We have investigated the stability of photoperiod-induced changes in multiple generations of Trichogramma buesi Voegele and Trichogramma principium Sug. et Sor. Short-day conditions during preimaginal development induced an increase in the percentage of diapausing progeny and grand progeny of both Trichogramma species. A similar trend was also detected in the fourth and fifth generations, but the response was weak although statistically significant. This grand-grandmaternal photoperiodic effect (which has not been demonstrated before for Trichogramma or for any other insect parasitoid) is most probably based on the transgenerational transmission of variations in DNA expression. We conclude that in mass rearing, to facilitate diapause induction before cold storage, it is advisable to rear both maternal and grandmaternal generations under the short-day conditions. In scientific studies, several generations preceding the experiment should be kept under equal conditions to exclude multigenerational maternal effects.     

赤眼蜂、白僵菌防治苹果害虫的研究

研究表明,利用松毛虫赤跟蜂防治苹果小卷叶蛾、梨小食心虫;白僵菌处理地面．防治桃小食心虫的寄生效果,均可达90％左右,防治效果优于化学农药．赤眼蜂应掌握在害虫始卵期开始放蜂．5天1次,连放4次,每亩总放蜂量12万头．白僵菌应在桃小食心虫越冬代幼虫出土始盛期和盛期各防治1次,每次每亩用菌剂(100亿孢子／g)2kg．加25％对硫磷微胶囊剂0．15kg．兑水150kg,在树冠下地面喷洒．喷后覆草是提高防治效果的关键．     

Locomotor activity ofTrichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera) under the influence of high-temperature shocks

In order to assess the effects of high temperatures prevailing during the releases ofTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko parasitoid used against the European corn borerOstrinia nubilalis Hübner, we exposed wasps in the white pupa stage (WP) to single or double shocks (at 35 or 44°C for 6 h) in the laboratory. The locomotor activity of adults in the presence ofO. nubilalis egg masses is greater than in pure air. Single or double shocks at 35°C have little effect on the females. On the contrary, wasps exposed to single or double shocks at 44°C had a lower motility than control wasps.     

The side-effects of pesticides used in integrated production of peaches in Brazil on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

Abstract: The side‐effects of six pesticides used on peaches in Brazil were tested on the hymenopteran egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae using four laboratory tests: (a) adult parasitoid exposure to fresh pesticide residue on glass plates (worse case); (b) direct spray of host eggs enclosing the parasitoid egg, larvae or pupae (less‐exposed life stages); (c) exposure of adults to pesticide residues on plant leaves at different intervals after application (persistence); (d) Dose–response pesticide exposures of adults on glass plates. Two dose rates were used: (1) The highest recommended field dosage (FD) and (2) the predicted initial environmental concentrations (PIEC). The results showed that the preparations greatly differed in their initial toxicity and persistence. The insecticide Valient^® (methoxyphenozide) and the fungicide Venturol^® (dodine) were considered harmless to T. cacoeciae adults as they fell into the class 1 category according to the guidelines of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) when parasitoids were directly exposed to chemical residues. The insecticide/acaricide Assist^® (mineral oil) was slightly harmful at the rate of PIEC 0.4 (40% of FD) and moderately harmful at FD. Pesticides in the categories harmless and moderately harmful can be considered for use in integrated pest management (IPM). The fungicide/acaricide Kumulus DF^® (sulphur) and the insecticides Dipterex^® 500 (triclorfon) and Lebaycid^® 500 (fenthion) were harmful at both concentrations. In the persistence test, Assist^® was short lived and therefore may in special cases (i.e. reduced direct contact) be considered for use in IPM, but Kumulus^® DF, Dipterex^® 500 and Lebaycid^® 500 constantly reduced parasitism between 77 and 100% and were rated as persistent (more than 30 days). The direct spray of parasitized host eggs at intervals after parasitism showed that Assist^® and Kumulus^® DF were harmless to the parasitoid egg, larvae and pupae within the host eggs. Dipterex^® 500 was slightly harmful when sprayed one day after parasitism (parasitoid egg) and moderately harmful to the other two stages (larvae and pupae). Lebaycid^® 500 was harmful to the parasitoid egg and larvae and moderately harmful to the pupae. The dose–response test showed that Kumulus^® DF and Dipterex^® 500 were toxic to T. cacoeciae. Kumulus^® DF was harmful from 1 PIEC 0.4 to 0.125 PIEC 0.4 dosages and was slightly harmful with 0.0625 PIEC 0.4 dosage. Dipterex^® 500 was harmful to T. cacoeciae in all the dosages tested.     

甘蔗螟虫绿色防控技术集成与应用

根据甘蔗螟虫发生与危害特点,协调应用各单项绿色防控技术。在甘蔗生长前期施用高效低毒杀虫剂,中期及中后期实施以性诱剂和赤眼蜂协调应用为主的防治螟虫关键技术,并加强田间管理。在广东遂溪县、翁源县和广西扶绥县两省区三地技术集成应用示范,结果表明:螟害防控效果明显,并取得了良好的经济效益和生态效益。