木本植物气孔对不同污染类型的反应

植物气孔扩散阻力与环境中颗粒物的污染有密切关系,由此得出的生理指标可用以指示大气中飘尘污染的程度,并筛选对污染物抗性大和消耗水分少的植物种。测定结果表明：不同污染类型区的植物气孔扩散阻力的大小顺序因地区而不同,在天津为冶炼厂(重工业污染区)>水上公园(游览区)>劝业场(商业集中区)>化工厂外(化工污染区) >盘山(清洁区);而在北京是卧佛寺一樱桃沟(游览区)>东单(交通频繁区)>首钢(重工业污染区)。之所以产生上述差异的原因除了京津两市的工业污染外,还与某些人为活动有关,如重工业污染区飘尘污染严重,植物气孔扩散阻力增大,但首钢经常用水冲洗叶子,其阻力值反小;公园和商业交通区是游人熙攘地点,极易引起地面扬尘,其气孔阻力反映了相似的结果。 研究结果还阐明：随着飘尘的增加,植物气孔扩散阻力增大,蒸腾率速相应的变小。     

Causes and consequences of high osmotic potentials in epiphytic higher plants

Past reports of the water relations of epiphytes, particularly bromeliads, indicate that tissue osmotic potentials in these tropical and subtropical plants are very high (close to zero) and are similar to values for aquatic plants. This is puzzling because several ecophysiological studies have revealed a high degree of drought stress tolerance in some of these epiphytes. The goal of this study was two-fold: (1) to increase the number of epiphytic taxa sampled for tissue osmotic potentials; and (2) to explain the apparent discrepancy in the significance of the tissue water relations and tolerance of drought stress in epiphytes. Tissue osmotic potentials of 30 species of epiphytic ferns, lycophytes, and orchids were measured in a subtropical rain forest in northeastern Taiwan. Nearly all values were less negative than -1.0 MPa, in line with all previous data for epiphytes. It is argued that such high osmotic potentials, indicative of low solute concentrations, are the result of environmental constraints of the epiphytic habitat on productivity of these plants, and that low rates of photosynthesis and transpiration delay the onset of turgor loss in the tissues of epiphytes such that they appear to be very drought-stress tolerant. Maintenance of photosynthetic activity long into drought periods is ascribed to low rates of transpiration and, hence, delayed tissue desiccation, and hydration of the photosynthetic tissue at the expense of water from the water-storage parenchyma.     

新疆甘家湖梭梭林的光合、水分生理生态的研究

测定了梭梭林中梭梭柴等7个树种的光合和水分生理生态特性,包括其光合和呼吸强度、叶绿素含量、气孔状况、光合产物的分配及初级生产力、水分利用效率等,发现荒漠树种具有较高的光合效率和水分利用效率。6—9月梭梭柴的平均光合强度为8.02CO2mg／g,干重·h,它接近于中生树种新疆杨同期光合强度的平均值(8.39);白梭梭的蒸腾系数为250.12mg水／g干重,约是新疆杨蒸腾系数(502.45)的一半。荒漠树种的高光合和水分利用效率是它们长期适应高温干旱生态环境的结果。荒漠梭梭林通常仅作为薪炭林,这对光合产物的利用是很不经济合理的,需要改进。     

七子花苗期光合生理生态特性研究

对七子花苗期的光合生理生态特性进行了研究,结果表明：（1）净光合速度,蒸腾速率的日进程曲线呈“双峰”型,胞间CO2浓度的日进程基本与净光合速率相反,中午胞间CO2浓度增高表明净光合速率午间 要受非气孔限制因素的影响,暗呼吸速率日进程呈单峰曲线,中午阳高。气孔阻力的变化规律与蒸腾速率基本相反。光能利用效率以上午7：00为最高,中午最低,以后又逐渐上升。水分利用效率以7：00最高,10：00－16：00较低。（2）一天分时段光响应试验表明,饱和光强 表观量子产额上午最高,中午最低,下午有所上升。上午和下午光补 点比较接近,中午增高一倍多。不同时段遮光都使得蒸腾速率下降,以下进下降幅度最大,但使气孔阻力升高,下午增加幅度最大。（3）上午羧化效率最高,中午最低,下午稍有上升,而CO2补偿点中午最高。     

植物剪枝蒸腾速率变化规律的初步研究

通过对毛乌素沙地几种主要植物的枝条在剪断前后的蒸腾速率的研究 ,发现这些植物枝条的蒸腾速率在剪离母株后一般会发生较大的变化 ,说明用快速称重法测定得到的剪断枝条的蒸腾速率与剪断前植物的实际蒸腾速率也存在较大的偏差。由于这类变化与植物的生物学特性、生长环境的水分条件、测定时叶片的水分状况、剪断的部位和测定的时间等多种因素都有密切关系 ,定量地预测某个植物剪断枝条的蒸腾速率的变化一般也比较困难。用快速称重法测定植物的蒸腾速率需要有同步的校正措施 ,否则结果不可靠。气孔计在测定植物枝条剪断前后蒸腾速率的相对变化率时比较准确。因而 ,用快速称重法测定植物的蒸腾速率 ,用气孔计来校正其偏差 ,这种二合一的方法是测定植物蒸腾速率比较准确而理想的方法     

淹水胁迫对I-69/55杨蒸腾作用的影响

对Ｉ－６９／５５杨在人为控制条件下进行淹水胁迫试验,对照和淹水下分别测定其叶片的蒸腾速率（Ｔｒ）和净光合速率（Ｐｎ）,结果表明,在胁迫条件下净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度都有所下降,但在测定的时间期限内净光合速率基本不变,而蒸腾速率和气孔导度则随淹水时间的延长而下降;对照条件下光合速率和蒸腾速率都具有明显的日变化双峰曲线和季节变化,夏季净光合速率和蒸腾速率最高;水分利用率的的季节变化明显,秋季最高     

茶树蒸腾特性的研究

茶树蒸腾速率和气孔导度因品种、叶位不同而异．抗旱性强的品种具有低的气孔导度;鱼叶的蒸腾速率和气孔导度接近或高于真叶．茶树叶片蒸腾速率夏、秋季最高,春季次之,冬季最低．在晴天,茶树蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化呈单峰型,以中午前后最高;其日变化与光量子通量密度、叶温、蒸汽压亏缺等因子显著相关;光量子通量密度对蒸腾速率和气孔导度影响较明显．     

Seasonal changes in CO2 and H2O gas exchange of young European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

Summary The CO₂ and H₂O gas exchange of young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were measured over a growing season. Of particular interest was the adaptation of gas exchange to the low level of photon flux density in the understorey of the old beech. The recorded diurnal courses were subdivided into several classes of irradiance. The most frequent class was from only 30–40 E * m^-2 * s^-1. Even at the highest irradiance values, no light saturation in assimilation occurred. The light compensation point lies below 3 E * m^-2 * s^-1, because net dark respiration values are very low. Calculated from the initial slope of the light response curves a mean value of 0.02 mol CO₂ * mol photons^-1 shows a very efficient use of light be the young trees. At the optimal phase of assimilation, the relationship between the daily sum of irradiance and net photosynthesis is highly significantly correlated. Under the local climatic situation, the stomatal opening primarily depends on irradiance. In response to a change in irradiance, stomatal opening also changes rapidly. Therefore, there is only a loose relationship between transpiration rate and vapour pressure saturation deficit. Towards autumn, the transpiration coefficient (E/A-ratio, estimated under light saturation) increases strongly because net photosynthesis decreases simultaneously.     

Morphological and physiological responses of two coffee progenies to soil water availability

Drought is a major environmental constraint affecting growth and production of coffee. The effects of water supply on growth, biomass allocation, water relations, and gas exchange in two coffee progenies representing drought-tolerant (Siriema) and drought-sensitive (Catucaí) genotypes were compared. They were grown in 12-L pots until 4-months old, when they were submitted to two watering treatments for 60 d: plants receiving either 100% transpired water (control plants) or a fraction (about 40%) of the amount of water transpired by control plants (drought-stressed plants). Under control conditions, Siriema grew faster than Catucaí. Regardless of the watering regimes and progenies, relative growth rate (RGR) was positively correlated both with net assimilation rate (NAR) and long-term water-use efficiency (WUE), but not with differences in biomass allocation. Both progenies responded to drought stress through (i) similar decreases in both RGR and NAR with marginal, if any, changes in allocation; (ii) decreases in leaf water potential, which occurred to a greater extent in Catucaí than in Siriema, even though they have showed similar abilities to adjust osmotically and elastically; (iii) similar reductions in net photosynthesis due mainly to nonstomatal factors; and (iv) decreases in transpiration rate coupled with increased long-term WUE. However, the lower transpiration rate and the higher long-term WUE as found in Siriema relative to Catucaí under control conditions persisted under drought conditions. Overall, the major differences between these progenies were largely associated with differences in plant water use, which was likely related to the improved water status of Siriema. The possible implications of selecting coffee genotypes for high WUE are discussed.