红海榄红树林的蒸腾作用与生态因子的关系

在海南东寨港应用气孔计对红海榄红树群落的蒸腾速率、气孔导度和几个生态因子日变化同步进行测定。在12月19日晴天条件下,冠层叶的蒸腾作用上午10—11时达到最高值4.27—4.34μg·cm~(-2)s(-1),午间蒸腾速率下降。群落总蒸腾速率与光合有效辐射、叶内外水汽压差、气温、相对湿度、叶温和风速等因子的复相关达到极显著;对蒸腾速率影响显著的生态因子是光合有效辐射,相对湿度和叶内外水汽压差。红海榄群落日平均蒸腾速率为2502gH_2O·m~(-2)d~(-1),其中冠层叶的蒸腾占总量的63％。     

Effects of toxic heavy metals (Cd,Pb) on growth and mineral nutrition of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

The beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is the dominant tree in Middle Europe under many different ecological conditions. But like other tree species, it is suffering in the last ten years increasingly by air pollutants including heavy metals which have been deposited and accumulated for decades in many forest soils. Increasingly mobilized by acidification processes, these metals may have toxic effects on trees.In autecological studies (dose-response-experiments) effects of root-applied Pb and Cd on various growth parameters, on uptake of mineral nutrients and on transpiration of young beech trees were evaluated, and critical concentrations (threshold levels) could be established. Significant leaf area reduction was found with 6 ppm Pb (0.3 ppm Cd) in the leaves (DW), but biomass reduction only with 18 ppm Pb (3.6 ppm Cd). Root elongation rates of seedlings were significantly reduced with 44 ppm plant-available Pb in the soil by about 30%, but only with 24 ppm Pb when combined with 2 ppm Cd, exhibiting synergistic effects. After treatments with 20 ppm Pb and 1 ppm Cd in sand culture, a considerable decrease in the contents of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn in roots and leaves of saplings was coincident with high (roots) and moderate (leaves) accumulation of Pb and Cd. A 20% reduction of transpiration rates was measured in ten-year-old beech trees after three months of exposure to a forest soil containing 2.5 ppm plant-available Cd.The data indicate that present-day concentrations mainly of Pb, but not yet of Cd, in acidified European forest soils are sufficiently high to affect germination, growth and mineral nutrition of natural rejuvenation of beech.The data published here are part of a doctoral and of various diploma theses: Mrs. Christiane Bertels, Barbara Buschmann, Martina Hücker, Gritli Noack, Ute Röder, Swantje von Oy and Mr. Rüdiger Ahrend, Peter Rüther and Frank Weisser.     

茶树蒸腾特性的研究

茶树蒸腾速率和气孔导度因品种、叶位不同而异．抗旱性强的品种具有低的气孔导度;鱼叶的蒸腾速率和气孔导度接近或高于真叶．茶树叶片蒸腾速率夏、秋季最高,春季次之,冬季最低．在晴天,茶树蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化呈单峰型,以中午前后最高;其日变化与光量子通量密度、叶温、蒸汽压亏缺等因子显著相关;光量子通量密度对蒸腾速率和气孔导度影响较明显．     

Environmental and physiological regulation of transpiration in tropical forest gap species: the influence of boundary layer and hydraulic properties

Environmental and physiological regulation of transpiration were examined in several gap-colonizing shrub and tree species during two consecutive dry seasons in a moist, lowland tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Whole plant transpiration, stomatal and total vapor phase (stomatal + boundary layer) conductance, plant water potential and environmental variables were measured concurrently. This allowed control of transpiration (E) to be partitioned quantitatively between stomatal (g _s) and boundary layer (g _b) conductance and permitted the impact of invividual environmental and physiological variables on stomatal behavior and E to be assessed. Wind speed in treefall gap sites was often below the 0.25 m s^–1 stalling speed of the anemometer used and was rarely above 0.5 m s^–1, resulting in uniformly low g _b (c. 200–300 mmol m^–2 s^–1) among all species studied regardless of leaf size. Stomatal conductance was typically equal to or somewhat greater than g _b. This strongly decoupled E from control by stomata, so that in Miconia argentea a 10% change in g _s when g _s was near its mean value was predicted to yield only a 2.5% change in E. Porometric estimates of E, obtained as the product of g _s and the leaf-bulk air vapor pressure difference (VPD) without taking g _b into account, were up to 300% higher than actual E determined from sap flow measurements. Porometry was thus inadequate as a means of assessing the physiological consequences of stomatal behavior in different gap colonizing species. Stomatal responses to humidity strongly limited the increase in E with increasing evaporative demand. Stomata of all species studied appeared to respond to increasing evaporative demand in the same manner when the leaf surface was selected as the reference point for determination of external vapor pressure and when simultaneous variation of light and leaf-air VPD was taken into account. This result suggests that contrasting stomatal responses to similar leaf-bulk air VPD may be governed as much by the external boundary layer as by intrinsic physiological differences among species. Both E and g _s initially increased sharply with increasing leaf area-specific total hydraulic conductance of the soil/root/leaf pathway (G _t), becoming asymptotic at higher values of G _t. For both E and g _s a unique relationship appeared to describe the response of all species to variations in G _t. The relatively weak correlation observed between g _s and midday leaf water potential suggested that stomatal adjustment to variations in water availability coordinated E with water transport efficiency rather than bulk leaf water status.     

田间不同条件下玉米叶片的气孔阻力及与光合、蒸腾作用的关系

以玉米17个自交系和10个杂交种为试材,在田间条件下研究了不同光强、不同叶位、不同生育期、不同源库比例和株间差异状态下的气孔阻力及其与光合(PH)、蒸腾(TR)和叶片水分利用效率(WUE)的关系,结果表明,不同自交系之间RS具有显著的差异,相差最大可达2.3倍以上;光照条件变弱、穗叶位差增加、生育期推延和源/库比例改变等均可引起RS值的增加;在各种情况下导致RS变化的同时也引起TR和PH产生相应的变化,RS与TR、PH表现出显著或极显著的负相关,且相关系数r_RS-TR>r_RS-PH;RS与WUE的相关关系在不同的条件下表现出不稳定性.     

刺槐林水分生态研究

 本文以定位观测资料为基础,对晋西北黄土丘陵沟壑区人工刺槐林的水分生态特点进行了研究。结果表明,在年生长期中,刺槐林地水分条件严酷、土壤有效水分少。生长期刺槐的蒸腾强度为0.1140g·g-1·h-1±0.0586(平均值±标准差);蒸腾强度日变化与光照强度日变化的关系最为明显;与气温日变化的关系次之;但与相对湿度日变化的关系则不明显。生长期刺槐的水势为1.759-Mpa±0.457(平均值±标准差)。水势的日变化与气温日变化的关系最为明显,与相对湿度日变化的关系次之;而与光照强度日变化的关系最不明显。刺槐的蒸腾强度季节变化与土壤水分含量季节变化的关系不够显著;水势的季节变化与土壤水分含量季节变化的关系显著;但它们的季节变化与光照强度、气温和相对湿度季节变化的关系均不够显著。刺槐的蒸腾耗水量,林分总蒸散量分别占同期降水量的16.3%和68.0%,     

植物剪枝蒸腾速率变化规律的初步研究

通过对毛乌素沙地几种主要植物的枝条在剪断前后的蒸腾速率的研究 ,发现这些植物枝条的蒸腾速率在剪离母株后一般会发生较大的变化 ,说明用快速称重法测定得到的剪断枝条的蒸腾速率与剪断前植物的实际蒸腾速率也存在较大的偏差。由于这类变化与植物的生物学特性、生长环境的水分条件、测定时叶片的水分状况、剪断的部位和测定的时间等多种因素都有密切关系 ,定量地预测某个植物剪断枝条的蒸腾速率的变化一般也比较困难。用快速称重法测定植物的蒸腾速率需要有同步的校正措施 ,否则结果不可靠。气孔计在测定植物枝条剪断前后蒸腾速率的相对变化率时比较准确。因而 ,用快速称重法测定植物的蒸腾速率 ,用气孔计来校正其偏差 ,这种二合一的方法是测定植物蒸腾速率比较准确而理想的方法     

美国生物圈二号内生长在高CO_2浓度下的10种植物气孔导度、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的变化

报道了美国生物圈二号内生长在高CO_2浓度下(>2200μmol·mol~(-1))4.5年后的5种热带雨林植物和5种荒漠植物气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的变化。结果表明:热带雨林植物在CO_2浓度为350～400μmol·mol~(-1)时的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率分别为:(127.4±65.6)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、(2.04±0.61)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和(2.90±0.55)μmol CO_2·mmol~(-1) H_2O,而在700～820μmol·mol~(-1)时为(61.3±30.5)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、(1.54±0.65)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和(8.45±2.71)μmol CO_2·mmol~(-1) H_2O;荒漠植物气孔导度和蒸腾速率则分别由CO_2 320～400μmol·mol~(-1)时的(142.8±94.6)和(2.09±0.71)下降到820～850μmol·mol~(-1)时的(57.7±35.8)和(1.36±0.52)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),水分利用效率由(4.69±1.39)上升到(9.68±1.61)μmol CO_2·mmol~(-1) H_20。在低CO_2浓度时植物的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率受光照强度的影响较高CO_2浓度时明显,一般雨林植物三项指标在光照强度为500μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时达到饱和,而荒漠植物在1000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时达到饱和。不同植物中,以荒漠C_3植物粉蓝烟草(Nicotiana glau-ca Grah.)的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率     

柳苗对盐激的快速反应

采用电子称重法检测了柳(Salix babylonica L.)苗蒸腾对盐激(NaCl)的快速反应。结果表明,100～500mmol/L的NaCl处理柳苗根系时,均能引起根系中产生一个负水压信号,并以极快的速度传递至冠部叶片,引起植物体液向下流动,在1～2s内使柳苗蒸腾速率增加至原来的8～15倍,然后逐渐下降,8～12min后,蒸腾速率保持在原来的水平(或略低)。另外,在蒸腾速率变化约2min后,在叶片区柳茎表面记录到电波的快速传递(速度变化范围在28～120mm·s~(-1)),这可能是主动调节冠部水分消耗的一个信号。     

Underground water use by Eucalyptus trees in an arid climate

 Expanding the area of tree plantations in the Negev desert of Israel requires prior quantification of the water resources in small watersheds. Combined hydrological and physiological measurements were used to study a “liman” (floodwater irrigated plot) in the Negev highlands, where Eucalyptus and other tree species are grown successfully. The amount of water flowing into the liman, surplus water flowing out of the liman, temporal soil moisture distribution, and water uptake by the trees were determined. Depending on rainfall intensity and distribution during the season, the liman received 2 – 3 times the total seasonal rainfall. Although the study was conducted during a year with a negligible amount of rainfall, the transpiration rate was closely correlated with potential transpiration throughout the year. The amount of water extracted from the soil was less than the time-integrated transpiration rate from the trees, suggesting that a water source other than soil water storage was available to the trees. We suggest that the trees extracted water from the rock fractures and/or utilized the lateral flows over the rock/soil interface.