印度生物遗传资源和相关传统知识获取制度发展动态研究

印度是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,主张遗传资源主权归国家所有并实现遗传资源惠益公平分享。印度政府于2003年颁布了《生物多样性法》,2004年又补充颁布了《生物多样性条例》,明确规定国家对其生物资源及相关传统知识的主权、保护原则、主管部门和管理体系、获取和惠益分享等问题。2014年又制订发布了《生物资源及相关传统知识获取规则指南》,对生物考察和利用、商业开发的惠益形式与比例、成果转化程序与惠益分享方式、知识产权获取程序与惠益分享形式、第三方转让为研究或商业利用、豁免审批情况等都作出了详细明确的规定。从印度遗传资源获取与惠益分享制度体系发展动态来看,印度的制度构建过程是循序渐进,不断更新,逐步趋于完善、细化。印度的遗传资源制度体系建设紧跟国际发展形势,从原则性的规定发展到具体措施。印度与中国生物遗传资源及相关传统知识国情相似,国际谈判立场一致,印度的遗传资源获取与惠益分享管理制度体系构建思路值得中国在国内遗传资源获取与惠益分享国家制度体系构建借鉴。     

基于标准病例的案例教学法在普外科见习教学中的应用探讨

目的:探讨基于标准病例(SP)的案例教学法(CBL)在普外科见习教学中的应用效果。方法:选取2014年6月至2015年6月我院见习的五年制临床本科医学生共112人,利用随机数字表的方法将其分为对照组和研究组,两组人数各56人。对研究组采取基于SP的CBL教学法,而对照组则使用传统临床带教方法,1个月后对理论、技能进行评价,并对学生和教师的满意进行问卷调查。结果:在技能考核和病例分析方面,研究组学生的得分显著高于对照组(P0.05),理论成绩无明显差异(P0.05)。对学生满意度的调查中,在"课堂气氛活跃"、"对学习兴趣的激发"、"利于理论与实践结合"以及"有利于形成正确临床思维"四个方面,研究组的满意度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在对教师满意度调查中,认为试验组教学法的效率要高于对照组教学法(P0.05),而在"易实施性"满意度低于对照组教学法(P0.05),在"可操作性"方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:与传统教学模式比较,基于SP的CBL教学法具有显著的优势,能更直观的展示某种疾病的特征,使学生通过实践巩固对基础知识的记忆,值得进一步探索并推广。     

中西药物联合应用的管理对消化内科患者临床用药合理性的影响

目的:研究药剂科积极参与下中西药联合使用对消化内科患者用药合理性的影响。方法:选取我院2014年1月至2015年12月收治且确诊为消化性疾病患者184例,通过随机数表法将患者平均分为对照组和实验组,对照组给予临床常规中西药联合治疗,观察并统计临床反应;实验组给予中西药联合治疗,由本院药剂科参与人员、临床医师联合管理。统计并分析两组疗效、用药合理性及不良反应。结果:对照组总有效率为82.60%,明显低于实验组的94.56%(X~2=5.944,p=0.015);对照组用药合理率为77.17%,明显低于实验组的89.13%(X~2=5.102,p=0.024);对照组不良反应合理率为61.96%,明显低于实验组的88.04%(X~2=18.026,p0.001)。结论:药剂科的积极参与提高了中西药联合使用对消化内科患者的疗效,也降低了不良反应的发生率。     

Aethusifolins A–D: Four new components from a traditional Mongolian medicinal herb Clematis aethusifolia Turcz

Four new components named aethusifolins A–D (1–4), together with ten known (5–14) were isolated from the dried aerial parts of a traditional Mongolian medicinal herb Clematis aethusifolia Turcz. The planar structures were established based on extensive spectroscopic analysis (HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR), and the absolute configurations were determined by modified Mosher’s method, hydrolysis method. The cytotoxicities of isolated compounds against a panel of five human solid tumor cell lines were assayed. Compounds 5, 8, and 13 showed moderate cytotoxicity against A-375 with IC₅₀ values of 15–18 μM, while compound 8 also showed cytotoxicity against SH-SY5Y with IC₅₀ values of 20 μM.     

血必净注射液对缺氧/复氧大鼠心肌功能与结构的影响

目的：探讨不同剂量的血必净注射液对缺氧/复氧大鼠心肌功能的保护作用。方法：采用Langendorff方法制备大鼠离体心脏缺氧/复氧模型。130只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组（sham组）,缺氧/复氧组（H/R组）,低、中、高剂量血必净组（XBJ_L、XBJ_M、XBJ_H组）,除对照组外,其他四组按复氧不同时相（复氧0.5 h、1 h、2 h）又分别分为3个亚组（n=10）。对照组在平衡灌注20 min时纪录左室发展压（LVDP）、左心室发展压最大上升/下降速率（±dp/dt_max）、左心室内压（LVP）、心率（HR）的值, ELISA检测心肌中肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）的浓度,光镜下观察心肌组织结构的改变;其余各组平衡灌注20 min后,灌注ThomasⅡ停搏液使心脏完全停搏30 min之后复灌K-H液使其心脏复跳,连续记录LVDP、±dp/dt_max、LVP、HR在复氧不同时间点的动态变化,ELISA检测各组复氧不同时间点心肌中CK-MB的浓度,光镜下观察各组复氧不同时间点心肌组织结构的改变。结果：与sham组相比,其余各组LVDP、±dp/dt_max、LVP值均降低（P<0.05）,心肌中CK-MB浓度上升（P<0.05）,心肌组织结构发生异常改变,随着复氧时间延长,以上指标异常变化逐渐加剧;在复氧0.5 h、1 h、2 h,各剂量血必净组LVDP、±dp/dt_max、LVP的值均高于H/R组对应时间点的值（P<0.05）,心肌中CK-MB浓度均低于H/R组,心肌组织结构异常变化减轻,以中剂量改善效果最佳（P<0.05）。结论：血必净注射液能够有效改善缺氧/复氧大鼠心肌的功能及形态学结构,以中剂量血必净（4 ml/100 ml）效果最佳。     

Plants in Starter Culture for Brewing Traditional Liquor of Miao Ethnic Group in Leigongshan Mountain,Guizhou

For many years, traditional knowledge, techniques and know how have been applied in the process of fermentation of traditional liquor and also in the process of making its starter culture by Miao ethnic group who lives in Leigongshan Mountain, Southwest China. To protect liquor culture of Miao people, and in order to document and transmit it from generation to generation, we have conducted a series of surveys on the techniques and the process of brewing traditional liquor and making starter culture; and we have documented the plants which have been used for starter culture via ethnobotanical and taxonomical approaches, such as key informants interview, participatory rural appraisal, and ethnobotanical inventory. It has been demonstrated that the traditional liquor in Miao communities resembles other Xiaoqu alcoholic in terms of both the producing process and techniques. Thirty five species of plants used in starter culture, which belong to 19 families and 28 genera, were identified and inventoried. Piloselloides hirsuta (Asteraceae) and Indigofera bungeana (Fabaceae) are the most frequently employed ones among all of the plants. Fresh and tender stems, leaves, or shoots of the plants are parts of plants which are used to make distiller’s yeast; while the whole plant is barely used. The traditional knowledge associated with starter culture would fail to be handed down in a few decades, due to erosion of modernization and losses of young (female) labor and the ethnic language as well. More researche should be carried out as soon as possible to promote liquor culture of Miao people, e.g. census on plants in starter culture and valuation of its biological activities.     

Cordyceps: a traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory?

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are growing in popularity. However, are they effective? Cordyceps is not studied as systematically for bioactivity as another TCM, Ganoderma. Cordyceps is fascinating per se, especially because of the pathogenic lifestyle on Lepidopteron insects. The combination of the fungus and dead insect has been used as a TCM for centuries. However, the natural fungus has been harvested to the extent that it is an endangered species. The effectiveness has been attributed to the Chinese philosophical concept of Yin and Yang and can this be compatible with scientific philosophy? A vast literature exists, some of which is scientific, although others are popular myth, and even hype. Cordyceps sinensis is the most explored species followed by Cordyceps militaris. However, taxonomic concepts were confused until a recent revision, with undefined material being used that cannot be verified. Holomorphism is relevant and contamination might account for some of the activity. The role of the insect has been ignored. Some of the analytical methodologies are poor. Data on the "old" compound cordycepin are still being published: ergosterol and related compounds are reported despite being universal to fungi. There is too much work on crude extracts rather than pure compounds with water and methanol solvents being over-represented in this respect (although methanol is an effective solvent). Excessive speculation exists as to the curative properties. However, there are some excellent pharmacological data and relating to apoptosis. For example, some preparations are active against cancers or diabetes which should be fully investigated. Polysaccharides and secondary metabolites are of particular interest. The use of genuine anamorphic forms in bioreactors is encouraged.     

中药制剂研究进展

本文从中药炮制、复方制剂研究和中药质量保证体系三方面评述近几年中药制剂的研究进展。     

传统中药影响黏性放线菌对唾液获得性膜黏附的研究

目的：研究不同传统中药提取物对黏性放线菌在唾液获得性膜黏附的影响,进一步探讨中药防龋的可能机制。方法：采用唾液包被羟磷灰石（S－HA）形成实验性获得性膜的体外模式,以黏性放线菌作为实验菌株,用不同的药物提取物分别处理S－HA和菌细胞,观察细菌对SHA的黏附情况。结果：两组实验中三七均能抑制菌细胞对SHA的黏附,且随药物浓度的升高而逐渐增强。结论：三七等传统中药能有效抑制黏性放线菌对唾液获得性膜的早期黏附。     

Cultural Disturbances and Local Ecological Knowledge Mediate Cattail (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Typha domingensis</Emphasis>) Invasion in Lake Pátzcuaro,México

The influence of local actors and socioeconomic constraints on biological invasions is often ignored. Wetland plant harvesters appeared to intentionally influence cattail (Typha domingensis) invasion around Lake Pátzcuaro, México, by altering their harvesting regimes, according to interviews with 44 expert respondents and botanical surveys. The oldest and most experienced harvesters reported controlling Typha initially, sometimes through organized eradication efforts, in order to protect Schoenoplectus californicus, an economically and culturally valuable wetland plant. Later, outsiders commoditized Typha by introducing new weaving designs popular with tourists, while industrial products and new livelihood activities reduced Schoenoplectus harvest. Harvesters from several communities began to promote Typha re-growth. Some harvesters, however, continued to combat Typha to maintain Schoenoplectus production, especially where supply was limited. Interviews suggested novel ecological cause–effect mechanisms and restoration strategies; some local harvesting regimes could efficiently conserve rare plants. An understanding of local ecological knowledge and incentives can inform invasive species control and conservation policy at a broader scale.