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The formation mechanism of Maillard peptides was explored in Maillard reaction through diglycine/glutathione(GSH)/(Cys‐Glu‐Lys‐His‐Ile‐Met)–xlyose systems by heating at 120 °C for 30–120 min. Maximum fluorescence intensity of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) with an emission wavelength of 420~430 nm in all systems was observed, and the intensity values were proportional to the heating time. Taken diglycine/GSH–[13C5]xylose systems as a control, it was proposed that the compounds with high m/z values of 379 and 616 have the high molecular weight (HMW) products formed by cross‐linking of peptides and sugar. In (Cys‐Glu‐Lys‐His‐Ile‐Met)–xylose system, the m/z value of HMW MRPs was not observed, which might be due to the weak signals of these products. According to the results of gel permeation chromatography, HMW MRPs were formed by Maillard reaction, especially in (Cys‐Glu‐Lys‐His‐Ile‐Met)–xylose system, the percentage of Maillard peptides reached 52.90%. It was concluded that Maillard peptides can be prepared through the cross‐linking of sugar and small peptides with a certain MW range. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
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Metal-fluoride complexes have been used to induce E2P-like states with the aim of studying the events that occur during E2P hydrolysis in P-type ATPases. In the present work, we compared the E2P-like state induced by a beryllium fluoride complex (BeFx) with the actual E2P state formed through backdoor phosphorylation of the Na,K-ATPase. Formation of E2P and E2P-like states were investigated employing the styryl dye RH421. We found that BeFx is the only fluorinated phosphate analog that, like Pi, increases the RH421 fluorescence. The observed rate constant, kobs, for the formation of E2P decreases with [Pi] whereas that of E2BeFx increases with [BeFx]. This might wrongly be taken as evidence of a mechanism where the binding of BeFx induces a conformational transition. Here, we rather propose that, like for Pi, binding of BeFx follows a conformational-selection mechanism, i.e. it binds to the E2 conformer forming a complex that is much more stable than E2P, as seen from its impaired capacity to return to E1 upon addition of Na+. Although E2P and E2BeFx are able to form states with 2 occluded Rb+, both enzyme complexes differ in that the affinity for the binding and occlusion of the second Rb+ is much lower in E2BeFx than in E2P. The higher rates of Rb+ occlusion and deocclusion observed for E2BeFx, as compared to those observed for other E2P-like transition and product states suggest a more open access to the cation transport sites, supporting the idea that E2BeFx mimics the E2P ground state.  相似文献   
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京津冀城市群景观格局变化机制与预测   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
"城市群"是我国新型城镇化的主体形态,对推进国民经济发展具有重大意义,但其聚集连片的快速扩张模式对资源环境的压力持续增加,已经成为制约未来可持续的瓶颈。以我国经济发展最为活跃,但生态环境问题十分突出的京津冀城市群为例,基于CLUE-S模型,模拟分析了1990—2010年京津冀城市群景观格局的变化特征及其驱动机制,并预测了未来景观格局的变化趋势。结果表明,(1)1990—2010年京津冀城市群景观格局变化显著。其中,人工表面持续增加,耕地明显下降,林地和草地格局的变化也存在明显的时序差异;(2)京津冀城市群景观格局的变化主要受自然和社会经济要素的综合影响,且不同景观类型之间的驱动机制存在明显差异。其中,林地更易在地势较高、坡度较大的西部地区分布,而河流、人工表面等更易在平坦低洼的区域分布;此外,不同景观类型变化的驱动机制存在显著的时序差异,例如,人工表面受地形的影响程度逐步降低,呈现更加离散的分布,且其分布特征由较早时期的向市中心集聚分布发展为逐渐远离市中心并向铁路、高速路周边集聚的趋势;(3)经检验,CLUE-S模型能够较好地动态模拟京津冀城市群的土地覆盖格局的变化特征,模型的Kappa指数达0.84。模拟预测结果显示,未来(2020年)景观格局演变的显著特征是人工表面将持续增加,耕地将继续显著减少。北京、天津、唐山和石家庄等核心城市的景观格局变化将最为显著。  相似文献   
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大黄素对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用机制   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
以金黄色葡萄球菌为供试菌,通过测定大黄素对其细胞膜的通透性、可溶性蛋白质和呼吸代谢的影响,来阐述大黄素的抑菌作用机制. 利用电导率、生物大分子分析、呼吸代谢抑制检测等方法,验证大黄素的药效作用. 实验结果显示,大黄素作用金黄色葡萄球菌后,培养基溶液中电导率比对照组增加了2.23%,DNA和RNA大分子的含量比对照组增加了67.36%,大黄素作用金黄色葡萄球菌16 h后,菌体可溶性蛋白总量比对照组减少了28.3%;大黄素能抑制金黄色葡萄球菌物质代谢中的2种关键酶的活性,其中琥珀酸脱氢酶活性抑制率为53.8%,苹果酸脱氢酶的活性抑制率为25.5%.上述结果表明,大黄素可以破坏细菌细胞膜的通透性,抑制菌体内的蛋白质合成,通过抑制代谢关键酶的活性发挥杀菌作用.  相似文献   
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Aims:  The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of glucosinolates and their enzymatic hydrolysis product against bacteria isolated from the human intestinal tract.
Methods and results:  Using a disc diffusion bioassay, different doses of intact glucosinolates and their corresponding hydrolysis products were tested. There were clear structure–activity and concentration differences with respect to the in vitro growth inhibition effects as well as differences in the sensitivities of the individual bacteria. The most effective glucosinolate hydrolysis products were the isothiocyanates; sulforaphane and benzyl isothiocyanate were the best inhibitors of growth. Indole-3-carbinol had some inhibitory effects against the Gram-positive bacteria but had no effect, even at the highest dose, against the Gram-negative bacteria. Indole-3-acetonitrile had some inhibitory activity against the Gram-negative bacteria. Glucosinolates, nitriles and amines were ineffective at all the doses used.
Conclusions:  Glucosinolate hydrolysis products and specifically the isothiocyanates SFN and BITC have significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and might be useful in controlling human pathogens through the diet.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This the first major in vitro study demonstrating the potential of these natural dietary chemicals as an alternative to, or in combination with, current antibiotic-based therapies for treating infectious diseases.  相似文献   
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Ⅰ型蛋白磷酸酶(PP1)属丝/苏氨酸磷酸酶的一种,在生物体中广泛存在,参与调节多种重要的生理功能,包括转录、翻译、代谢、细胞生长及分化等.PP1分子结构表面的3个凹槽及β 12-β 13 Loop环结构,它在底物与抑制剂的结合方面起决定作用.近期研究发现,Loop环结构除了是抑制剂的结合部位之外,对整个酶分子的结构和性质都起重要作用.功能研究也证明PP1还参与HIV-1转录过程的调节,并且与老年性痴呆等多种疾病密切相关.主要对PP1的组织分布、分子结构、酶学特性、催化机制以及生物学功能等方面进行了相应的综述.  相似文献   
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Aminophosphine oxides and aminophosphonates are, in general, very stable compounds. However, following phosphorus–carbon bond cleavage in aqueous acidic media these compounds sometimes decompose to phosphonic acids derivatives (PIII). Despite some controversy in the literature, careful analysis supported by theoretical studies leads to the conclusion that decomposition to PIII derivatives proceeds via an elimination reaction. Figure The decomposition of α-aminophosphine oxides to phosphonic acid derivatives (PIII)  相似文献   
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