急性胰腺炎患者舌苔微生物研究

目的观察急性胰腺炎（ＡＰ）患者舌苔微生物的变化,总结不同舌象、不同病情的ＡＰ患者舌苔微生物变化规律。方法将纳入的５２例ＡＰ患者按分级标准分为轻症（ＭＡＰ）组（ｎ＝３３）,重症（ＳＡＰ）组（ｎ＝１９）,分别于治疗前、第３天及第９天清晨观察并采集舌苔,作细菌培养、鉴定、定量,测溶菌酶（ＬＺＭ）含量。２５例健康薄白苔作为对照组。结果ＡＰ患者舌苔菌落总数减少。厚苔菌落总数及Ｇ－厌氧杆菌多于薄苔,口腔优势菌在厚苔变化表现为厌氧菌检出率增高而需氧菌下降。ＳＡＰ组肠道杆菌的检出率显著增加;病程早期除口腔链球菌、Ｇ＋厌氧杆菌减少外,ＳＡＰ组Ｇ－厌氧杆菌也减少;病程第９天时,ＭＡＰ组基本恢复正常,而ＳＡＰ组各种异常无改变。ＡＰ患者舌苔ＬＺＭ均显著升高。结论ＡＰ病程中口腔舌面出现微生态失调现象,严重程度与病情及舌苔的变化有关。ＡＰ厚苔菌落总数多于薄苔,主要为Ｇ－厌氧杆菌增加。厚苔厌氧菌增加,而需氧菌减少。     

Embryonic and postnatal development of masticatory and tongue muscles

This review summarizes findings concerning the unique developmental characteristics of mouse head muscles (mainly the masticatory and tongue muscles) and compares their characteristics with those of other muscles. The developmental origin of the masticatory muscles is the somitomeres, whereas the tongue and other muscles, such as the trunk (deep muscles of the back, body wall muscles) and limb muscles, originate from the somites. The program controlling the early stages of masticatory myogenesis, such as the specification and migration of muscle progenitor cells, is distinctly different from those in trunk and limb myogenesis. Tongue myogenesis follows a similar regulatory program to that for limb myogenesis. Myogenesis and synaptogenesis in the masticatory muscles are delayed in comparison with other muscles and are not complete even at birth, whereas the development of tongue muscles proceeds faster than those of other muscles and ends at around birth. The regulatory programs for masticatory and tongue myogenesis seem to depend on the developmental origins of the muscles, i.e., the origin being either a somite or somitomere, whereas myogenesis and synaptogenesis seem to progress to serve the functional requirements of the masticatory and tongue muscles. This study was supported by grants-in-aid for funding scientific research (nos. 13671955 and 16591871), the Bio-ventures and High-Technology Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan, and the Science Research Promotion Fund from the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan.     

三种旧大陆狐蝠科蝙蝠舌长度及结构比较

为探讨旧大陆食果和食蜜蝙蝠的食性类型不同是否造成其取食器官舌长度及结构的差异,本研究以2种食果蝙蝠犬蝠（Cynopterus sphinx）和棕果蝠（Rousettus leschenaultii）以及1种食蜜蝙蝠长舌果蝠（Eonycteris spelaea）为研究对象,比较了这3个物种间舌的差异。犬蝠、棕果蝠和长舌果蝠伸入直径为2 cm试管的最大舌长度L1（包括伸入试管的吻部和吻部以外的舌长）,分别为（29.19?0.52）mm、（35.05?0.82）mm、（49.34?1.64）mm;伸出吻端外部的舌长L3分别为（16.25?0.53）mm、（19.25?0.79）mm、（31.88?1.56）mm;与体重转换后的最大舌长度,即转换L1分别为（8.57?0.17）mm/3√g、（7.90?0.27）mm/3√g、（12.41?0.40）mm/3√g;与体重转换后的伸出吻端外部的舌长,即转换L3分别为（4.77?0.16）mm/3√g、（4.34?0.22）mm/3√g、（8.01?0.38）mm/3√g;与体重转换后的解剖舌长分别为（5.56?0.16）mm/3√g、（5.35?0.14）mm/3√g、（6.65?0.38）mm/3√g。此5个参数种间比较均差异显著,食蜜类的长舌果蝠的5个参数均显著长于食果类犬蝠和棕果蝠的。通过比较3种蝙蝠的舌结构发现,长舌果蝠的舌尖尖细且具有毛刷状丝状乳头结构,舌面及两侧凹槽较多;犬蝠和棕果蝠的舌尖钝圆,舌面乳头和凹槽较少而平缓。本文结果表明,旧大陆食蜜蝙蝠与食果蝙蝠在舌长度和舌结构上存在明显差异,可能与捕食行为上的差异有关。     

改良胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣与传统皮瓣对舌癌术后修复影响的对比研究

目的：对比研究改良胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣与传统胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣在舌癌连续整块切除术后缺损修复中的的治疗效果。方法：选取2007年08月-2012年01月行舌癌连续整块切除术患者97例,其中49例采用改良胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣,48例采用传统胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣,分别命名为A组和B组,比较两组患者治疗效果和并发症发生情况。结果：A组治疗效果甲级、乙级、丙级分别为65．3％、28．6％、6．1％,B组治疗效果甲级、乙级、丙级分别为41．7％、33．3％、25．0％,A组治疗效果优于B组;A组术后并发症少于B组。结论：与传统胸大肌肌皮瓣相比,改良胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣治疗效果好,并发症少,能更好地实现舌癌连续整块切除术后缺损修复。     

BMP2, BMP4, and their receptors are expressed in the differentiating muscle tissues of mouse embryonic tongue

To investigate the role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in the differentiation process of skeletal muscle, we analyzed the in vivo expression of BMP2 and BMP4, of BMP receptors (BMPR) IA, IB, and II, and of activin receptors (ActR) IA, II, and IIB in mouse tongue muscle between embryonic day 11 (E11) and E17. The mRNA expression levels for BMP2 were 5-fold to 11-fold greater than those for BMP4 between E13 and E17 (P < 0.05-0.01). Expression of the BMP2, BMPRIB, ActRIA, ActRII, and ActRIIB proteins was first observed at E13. Expression of BMP2 and BMPRIB was detected in the whole area of the differentiating muscle tissues identified by immunostaining for fast myosin heavy chain (fMHC), but that of ActRIA, ActRII, and ActRIIB was detected only in the peripheral area of the differentiating muscle tissues. In the E15 tongue, all of the BMPs, BMPRs, and ActRs studied herein were expressed in the whole area of the differentiating muscle tissues identified by immunostaining for fMHC. These results suggest that BMPs play a role in the differentiation of tongue muscle tissues at E15 but have little or no effect at E13. This study was supported in part by grants-in-aid for funding scientific research (no. 16591871 to A.Y.) from the Bio-ventures and High-Technology Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan and by the Science Research Promotion Fund from the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan.     

动物舌温与血液灌注率的关系特性研究

结合中医舌诊机理而进行的生物传热研究具有重要的意义。采用多种先进仪器和手段,在大量动物实验的基础上,通过对动物造模改变猪舌的血液灌注率,测试相应条件下的舌面温度,得到舌表面不同位置处的温度与血液灌注率之间的关系。结果表明,舌表面温度随血液灌注率的增加而升高,但血液灌注率增大到一定值后,舌面温度将维持不变,血液灌注率值也不再增长。通过实验得到的温度与血液灌注率间的变化规律,将为建立适合于舌体传热特性的生物传热模型提供客观依据。     

Model-based inverse estimation for active contraction stresses of tongue muscles using 3D surface shape in speech production

This paper presents a novel inverse estimation approach for the active contraction stresses of tongue muscles during speech. The proposed method is based on variational data assimilation using a mechanical tongue model and 3D tongue surface shapes for speech production. The mechanical tongue model considers nonlinear hyperelasticity, finite deformation, actual geometry from computed tomography (CT) images, and anisotropic active contraction by muscle fibers, the orientations of which are ideally determined using anatomical drawings. The tongue deformation is obtained by solving a stationary force-equilibrium equation using a finite element method. An inverse problem is established to find the combination of muscle contraction stresses that minimizes the Euclidean distance of the tongue surfaces between the mechanical analysis and CT results of speech production, where a signed-distance function represents the tongue surface. Our approach is validated through an ideal numerical example and extended to the real-world case of two Japanese vowels, /ʉ/ and /ɯ/. The results capture the target shape completely and provide an excellent estimation of the active contraction stresses in the ideal case, and exhibit similar tendencies as in previous observations and simulations for the actual vowel cases. The present approach can reveal the relative relationship among the muscle contraction stresses in similar utterances with different tongue shapes, and enables the investigation of the coordination of tongue muscles during speech using only the deformed tongue shape obtained from medical images. This will enhance our understanding of speech motor control.     

Abnormal differentiation,hyperplasia and embryonic/perinatal lethality in BK5-T/t transgenic mice

The cell-of-origin has a great impact on the types of tumors that develop and the stem/progenitor cells have long been considered main targets of malignant transformation. The SV40 (SV40—Simian Virus 40) large T and small t antigens (T/t), have been targeted to multiple-differentiated cellular compartments in transgenic mice. In most of these studies, transgenic animals develop tumors without apparent defects in animal development. In this study, we used the bovine keratin 5 (BK5) promoter to target the T/t antigens to stem/progenitor cell-containing cytokeratin 5 (CK5) cellular compartment. A transgene construct, BK5-T/t, was made and microinjected into the male pronucleus of FVB/N mouse oocytes. After implanting ∼1700 embryos, only 7 transgenics were obtained, including 4 embryos (E9.5, E13, E15, and E20) and 3 postnatal animals, which died at P1, P2, and P18, respectively. Immunohistological analysis revealed aberrant differentiation and prominent hyperplasia in several transgenic CK5 tissues, especially the upper digestive organs (tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and forestomach) and epidermis, the latter of which also showed focal dysplasia. Altogether, these results indicate that constitutive expression of the T/t antigens in CK5 cellular compartment results in abnormal epithelial differentiation and leads to embryonic/perinatal animal lethality.     

舌三针联合舌下刺络放血治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍的临床研究

摘要 目的：探讨舌三针联合舌下刺络放血治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍的临床效果。方法：采取前瞻性随机对照的研究方法，将2018年1月至2021年1月60例脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者分为对照组（30例）与治疗组（30例）。对照组给予常规吞咽功能训练，在对照组基础上，治疗组给予"舌三针"针刺联合舌下刺络放血治疗。治疗前后采用洼田饮水试验评分系统和吞咽障碍特异性生活质量量表（SWAL-QOL）及对两组患者进行评估，评估临床疗效，并调查满意度。结果：治疗后，两组饮水试验评分均下降（P<0.05），而治疗组饮水试验评分较对照组低（P<0.05）。两组SWAL-QOL评分均明显提高（P<0.05），而治疗组SWAL-QOL评分明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗组总有效率（80.00 %）明显高于对照组（56.67 %）（P<0.05）。治疗组总满意度（96.67 %）明显高于对照组（60.00 %）（P<0.05）。结论：舌三针联合舌下刺络放血治疗脑卒中后吞咽功能障碍的疗效肯定，配合吞咽功能训练具有增效作用，可有效提高患者生活质量，安全耐受，患者的满意度高，值得临床推广应用。