125I和65Zn在大蟾蜍体内的吸收与分布

利用同位素示踪法研究了不同引入途径的125I和65Zn在大蟾蜍体内的吸收与分布。无论采用注射还是灌喂的方法,蟾蜍对125I的残留动态差别不大,都可分为快清除期和平台期,0～2d为快清除期,3～7d为平台期,经过了快清除期之后,残留的125I约为起始量的8%,并维持到实验结束。注射了65Zn后,0～7d的吸收动态曲线有所起伏,但波动很小,其波动范围为102.4%～114.48%。表明大部分的65Zn仍留在体内,几乎没有排出体外。注射65Zn的转移并不明显。但灌喂65Zn的动态变化则大些,而且转移明显。其活度曲线出现阶段性下降,有两个下降期,第一个下降期为4h～3d,第二个下降期为5～7d。说明灌喂组对65Zn的转移比注射组的活跃,但在实验的第7d残留率仍在60%以上。     

Effects of cholinergic agents on the vasopressin-mediated water transport in the isolated toad bladder

The aim of this work was to study the effect of some pharmacological cholinergic agents on the events that follow the interaction of arginine vasopressin with toad bladder membrane receptors related to synthesis of 3′5′_cAMP. The water flow through the membrane was measured gravimetrically in sac preparations of the membrane. In the absence of arginine vasopressin (AVP), carbachol induced a significant increase in the water flow (37%) related to the basal (Ringer's solution). On the other hand, when carbachol and AVP were associated, a significant decrease of AVP hydrosmotic activity occurred (23%). The inhibitory effect of carbachol on the AVP action was almost completely abolished by the cholinergic antagonists atropine, pirenzepine, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) and the calcium antagonist lanthanum. Similarly, when carbachol and 3′5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate (3′5′_cAMP) were associated, a decrease of nucleotide hydrosmotic activity was observed (12.80%). This effect was partially restored by the addition of pirenzepine or 4-DAMP in the bath solution. These results suggest a role for muscarinic receptors of sub-type M₁ and M₃, which are involved in the intracellular calcium release. The increase of calcium concentration in the intracellular medium acts as a negative modulator in the hydrosmotic action of antidiuretic hormone.     

中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度及致死温度

报道了中国林蛙蝌蚪 (Ranachensinensis)和大蟾蜍蝌蚪 (Bufogargarizans)在不同驯化温度下的最适温度、逃避温度和致死温度的研究结果。将中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪分别在 5、1 5和 2 5℃ 3个不同温度下驯养 3周 ,利用温度梯度装置观察记录 2种蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度和最高致死温度。结果表明 ,经过在 5、1 5和 2 5℃ 3个温度下的驯化 ,中国林蛙蝌蚪的最适温度范围分别为 1 3 . 5～ 1 8℃、2 0. 5～2 5℃和 2 3～ 2 7. 5℃ ;大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度范围分别为 1 2～ 1 6 .5℃、2 1～ 2 5. 5℃和 2 2～ 2 6. 5℃。中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最高致死温均在 3 7～ 3 8℃之间 ,最低致死温均为 0℃。驯化温度对最适温度影响显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,对致死温度则没有显著影响。驯化温度对中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的逃避温度产生的影响比最适温度的大。     

荒漠沙蜥松果体褪黑激素含量的季节性变化

应用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)-UV检测了不同季节荒漠沙蜥(Phrynocephalus przewalskii)松果体内褪黑激素的含量.结果显示,其高峰值发生在春季,为1 017±209 pg/pineal.低峰值出现在冬季(实验室内冬眠,2～4℃),为355±68.5 pg/pineal,秋季的含量(735±133.7 pg/pineal)高于夏季的含量(597±94.9 pg/pineal).表明荒漠沙蜥松果体褪黑激素含量呈现明显的年周期节律并与光周期和生殖周期的年节律基本相符.     

蟾蜍皮下淋巴囊麻醉对心脏功能的影响

目的：研究一种对蟾蜍心脏功能影响较小的固定方式,适用于蛙心起搏点以及蛙心室舒缩与心电图同步记录观察期前收缩和代偿间歇实验的固定方式。方法：将一定数量的蟾蜍平均分为三组,分别为对照组捣毁大脑和脊髓组、乌拉坦皮下淋巴囊麻醉组。模拟Ⅱ导联分别将麻醉组、捣毁组蟾蜍连接RM6240,进入心电图实验模块,观察并记录两组组蟾蜍的处理前后心电图的变化情况,以及两组蟾蜍经过处理后痛觉、肌张力、呼吸的对比情况。快速游离三组蟾蜍的心脏,4%甲醛固定,30%蔗糖溶液脱水,修剪后冰冻固定,切片,苏木精-伊红（HE）染色,通过光学显微镜观查。结果：①乌拉坦皮下淋巴囊麻醉组蟾蜍的固定效果与捣毁大脑和脊髓组蟾蜍相当。②给药前后麻醉组蟾蜍的心电图变化幅度小于捣毁前后捣毁组蟾蜍的心电图。③与对照组蟾蜍的心肌细胞相比乌拉坦皮下淋巴囊麻醉组蟾蜍的心肌细胞破坏程度小于捣毁大脑和脊髓组蟾蜍。结论：在蛙心起搏点以及蛙心室舒缩与心电图同步记录观察期前收缩和代偿间歇实验中对蟾蜍进行乌拉坦皮下淋巴囊麻醉是一种优于捣毁蟾蜍大脑和脊髓的固定方法。     

Chloride Currents in Skeletal Muscles of Bufo arenarum

Cl⁻ currents (I _Cl) were measured in short fibers (1–2 mm) from the lumbricalis muscle of toads (Bufo arenarum) with two microelectrodes (15°C). Initially the fibers were equilibrated in a high K⁺-containing solution: (mm) K₂SO₄ 68; Na₂SO₄ 20; KCl 60; CaSO₄ 8; MgSO₄ 1; HEPES 2.5. Constant pulses were applied when all the external K⁺ was replaced by Cs⁺: Cs₂SO₄ 68; Na₂SO₄ 20; CsCl 60; CaSO₄ 8; HEPES 2.5 (pH 7.5). Under these conditions about 80–90% of the current is carried by Cl⁻. The current-voltage relation is almost linear implying constant conductance and hence voltage-independent permeability. The voltage dependence of the net Cl⁻ current could be fitted by constant field equation with a P _Cl of 3.3 × 10⁻⁶ cm/sec. In a separate group of experiments a two-pulse technique was used to estimate the availability and the inactivation of the initial I _Cl during a test pulse. After returning the potential to the holding potential for various times, test pulses of the same amplitude and duration of the prepulses were applied. The initial current during the test pulse was 70% of the initial current during the prepulse and the recovery was complete in less than 300 msec with a linear relationship between the current during the test pulse and the amplitude of the preceding prepulse. When the test pulses were preceded by a positive prepulse, the initial current for any given test pulse was larger than with a negative prepulse. If we assumed that the initial current during the test pulse is a measure of the number of channels open at the end of the prepulse, these results suggest that hyperpolarizing pulses inactivate and depolarizing prepulses activate the I _Cl. Received: 31 March 1995/Revised: 27 October 1995     

Antidiuretic responses to osmotic cutaneous stimulation in the toad,Bufo arenarum

Summary Osmotic stimulation of the skin of the toadBufo arenarum with isotonic (115 mM) or hypertonic (400 mM) NaCl solutions produced a marked and reversible antidiuresis within 5 min. No changes in plasma osmolarity were detected in the course of this response.Hypophysectomized animals exhibited a lower and delayed antidiuresis when exposed to a hypertonic environment (400 mM NaCl). This antidiuretic response was drastically reduced in normal toads after ten consecutive days of administration of the sympatoplexic guanethidine.The existence of a feed-forward control of urine production initiated by cutaneous osmotic sensors and involving an adrenergic component is proposed.     

Axoplasmic flow of adrenaline and monoamine oxidase in amphibian sympathetic nerves

Summary The accumulation of both A and MAO proximal to a ligature on toad spinal nerves has been shown to occur at a slower rate than in mammals. As in mammals, there are two components of axonal transport in amphibian nerves, with the accumulation of A reaching a peak at between 4 and 7 days (cf. 2–4 days for NA in mammals), while MAO accumulation does not reach its maximum before 9 days (cf. 7 days in mammals). No accumulation occurs after sympathectomy, providing evidence for localization of MAO within amphibian sympathetic adrenergic nerves. Distal accumulation of MAO occurs in toad sympathetic nerves; this has not been reported to occur in mammalian nerves. Distal accumulation reaches a peak at 2–4 days, which suggests either a fast retrograde flow of MAO or that induction of MAO is occurring. These results are discussed in relation to differences between mammalian and amphibian sympathetic nerves and to the events occurring following ligation of these nerves.We wish to thank Judy Lenk, Vivienne Einhorn and Barbara Peachey for their assistance with the initial MAO histochemical work. This work was supported by grants from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Australian Research Grants Committee.