The Impact of Abbreviated Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Salivary Cortisol and Salivary Immunoglobulin A (sIgA)

This study examined the acute effects of relaxation training on salivary cortisol and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Members of age- and gender-matched undergraduate student pairs were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Forty-one experimental subjects were led through Abbreviated Progressive Relaxation Training (APRT) during a 1-h laboratory session; 14 control subjects merely sat quietly in the laboratory for an equal amount of time. All subjects provided pre- and post-intervention saliva samples and self-report data on state anxiety, perceived stress, and relaxation levels. Heart rate was also monitored immediately before and after APRT or quiet sitting. Results indicated that a brief relaxation exercise led to experimental subjects having significantly lower levels of post-intervention salivary cortisol (p = .036) and significantly higher levels of post-intervention sIgA concentration (p < .001) and secretion rate (p < .001) than control subjects. The data suggest that relaxation training may play a role in immunoenhancement.     

Effects of explosive type strength training on physical performance characteristics in cross-country skiers

To investigate the effects of a combination of simultaneous strength and endurance training on selected neuromuscular and aerobic performance characteristics seven male cross-country skiers underwent training for a period of 6 weeks. The experimental group trained 6-9 times per week with a programme consisting of 34% explosive type strength training and 66% endurance training during the first 3 weeks of the experiment and 42% and 58% respectively during the last 3 weeks of the experiment. The total volume of training of the control group (eight skiers) was of the same magnitude but consisted of 85% pure endurance training and 15% endurance type strength training. The experimental training regime resulted in specific changes in neuromuscular performance. This was demonstrated by improvements (P less than 0.01) in the maximal heights of rise of the centre of gravity in the squat and countermovement jumps. A significant decrease (P less than 0.05) took place also in the time of rapid isometric force production during experimental training, while no changes occurred in the maximal force of the trained muscles. Aerobic performance characteristics of the experimental group did not change during the experimental training period. No significant changes occurred in neuromuscular or aerobic performance characteristics in the control group. These findings indicated that training-induced improvements in explosive force production may not be fully inhibited by this kind of aerobic training. They also suggested that endurance athletes could undertake explosive type strength training programmes without a concomitant reduction in aerobic capacity, if the overall loading of training were within predefined limits.     

高仿真模拟支气管镜在支气管镜操作训练中的应用

目的:探讨高仿真模拟支气管镜模拟技术在呼吸科专科医师支气管镜操作训练中的作用.方法:对20名呼吸科医生(支气管镜检查术的初学者)作为观察对象,采用美国生产的Simbionix GI Mentor Simulator高仿真模拟支气管镜操作系统进行培训.由2名熟练进行支气管镜检查术的呼吸科医生进行指导,比较培训前后在高仿真模拟支气管镜操作的速度、灵活性和准确性方面差异.结果:20名初学者均完成了支气管镜的操作培训.在模拟训练后,操作的灵活性、准确性和速度都明显提高.与训练前相比视野清晰可见时间由(30.0±2.0)％增加到(75.0±5.0)％:段支气管检查到达由(74.0±5.1)％提高到(89.3±4.0)％;通过咽喉及声门时间由(00.01.28±00.00.54)h缩短到(00.00.36± 00.00.09)h,操作用时由(00.07.27± 00.01.23)h缩短到(00.06.24± 00.00.54)h.误入食道次数由(6.0±2.0)缩短到(2.0±0.5),培训前机器给予自动评分为(30.8±6.6)分,培训后(70.8±6.6)分.结论:高仿真模拟支气管镜在初学气管镜呼吸专科医师培训中起到重要的作用.     

血管迷走性晕厥的治疗进展

血管迷走性晕厥(Vasovagal syncope,VVS)是一种常见的反射性晕厥。其病理生理学机制非常复杂,病因仍存在争议,可能涉及到的原因是多方面的。目前所采用的治疗方法较多,疗效不一,而血管迷走性晕厥所带来的二次伤害及心理变化直接影响患者的生活质量,造成病情的迁延反复。对于血管迷走性晕厥防治重点应是避免诱发,此外还可进行非药物治疗、药物治疗及起搏器治疗,这些治疗方案可降低患者发作频率,提高其生活质量。本文对血管迷走性晕厥的研究进展作简要综述。     

Effects of a single-session stance-slip perturbation training program on reducing risk of slip-related falls

The purpose of this pilot study was to establish the efficacy and feasibility of a single-session treadmill-based stance-slip perturbation program on preventing slip-related falls while walking over the ground among young adults. Two groups (training vs. control) of healthy young participants were respectively exposed to a treadmill-based stance-slip perturbation training protocol and a placebo training protocol. Post training, both groups experienced an unexpected overground gait-slip. Our results indicated that 28.6% of individuals in the training group and 55.0% of controls fell when responding to the overground slip. In comparison with the control group, the training group exhibited better control over the compensatory step and dynamic stability at the instant immediately prior to recovery touchdown. The improved dynamic stability control in the training group likely resulted from the enhanced capability of harnessing the slip kinematics of the base of support. Dynamic stability did not display any significant group-associated difference at slipping foot touchdown and recovery foot liftoff. This implies that a stance-slip perturbation training protocol with eight slips may not provide enough and very task-specific incentive to the Central Nervous System to form the capability of sufficiently modifying regular gait pattern after an unexpected gait slip. However, given its ease of use, stance-perturbation could be a practical option to train individuals in clinical settings as a simple push or pull could exert a perturbation to a standing individual. The findings from this study provide information for developing future studies based on large-scale samples.     

Effects of unilateral isometric strength training on joint angle specificity and cross-training

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of unilateral isometric leg extension strength training on the strength and integrated electromyogram (IEMG) of both the trained and untrained limbs at multiple joint angles. A training (TRN) group [nine women; mean (SD) age, 20(1) years] exercised for 6 weeks with isometric leg extensions at 80% of maximal isometric torque. A control (CTL) group [eight women; 21(1) years] did not exercise. The training was performed three times per week on a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer at a joint angle where the lever arm was 0.79 rad below the horizontal plane. The subjects were tested pre- and posttraining for maximal unilateral isometric torque in both limbs at joint angles of zero, 0.26, 0.79,1.31, and 1.57 rad below the horizontal plane. Bipolar surface electrodes were used to record the IEMG of the vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) during the isometric tests. Three univariate (torque, IEMG-VL, and IEMG-VM) four-way (group x time x limb x angle) mixed factorial ANOVAs were used to analyze the data. The results indicated joint angle specificity for isometric torque in the TRN group only, with significant increases in torque at 0.79 (P = 0.0004) and 1.31 (P = 0.0039) rad. No significant increases in torque were found in the untrained limb of the TRN group or in either limb of the CTL group. Similarly, there were no significant changes in IEMG as a result of the training for the VL or VM. The joint-angle-specific strength increases without concomitant increases in IEMG were hypothesized to result from joint-angle-specific decreases in antagonistic co-contraction and/or preferential hypertropy of the quadriceps femoris at specific levels of the muscle group.     

Exercise training increases membrane bound form of tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors with decreases in the secretion of soluble forms of receptors in rat adipocytes

We examined the effects of exercise training (treadmill running over 9 weeks) on the ability of isolated adipocytes to secrete tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and type 1 soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR1) in vitro in Wistar rats. We also examined the effects of exercise training on the expression of membrane bound forms of type 1 TNF receptor (mTNFR1) in adipocyte crude membranes of the same rat subjects. Exercise training significantly increased the secretions of TNF-alpha from isolated adipocytes. Treatment with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, either indomethacin (100 microM) or eicosatetraynoic acid (100 microM), significantly blocked the release of TNF-alpha from adipocytes in both exercise-trained rat group and sedentary control rat group, suggesting that some cyclooxygenase metabolite(s) acts as a ligand in TNF-alpha synthesis. Decreased amounts of TNF-alpha were found to be significantly greater in both exercise-trained rat group than in sedentary control rat group after incubation with inhibitors. Thus, the inhibitory effect of both indomethacin and eicosatetraynoic acid was significantly greater in adipocytes from exercise-trained rats. Both plasma sTNFR1 levels and adipocytes-derived sTNFR1 were found to be significantly less in the exercise-trained rat group. Western blot analysis revealed that exercise training remarkably increased the expressions of mTNFR1 in adipocyte crude membrane. Thus, exercise training enhanced the ability of isolated adipocytes to secrete TNF-alpha with reduced secretion of sTNFR1, and provoked the greater expressions of mTNFR1 in adipocyte crude membrane. These alterations may induce enhanced the autocrine effects of TNF-alpha within adipocytes in exercise-trained rats.     

MOTOmed下肢智能运动训练联合运动想象疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能、步行能力和躯干屈伸肌群肌力的影响

摘要 目的：探讨MOTOmed下肢智能运动训练联合运动想象疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能、步行能力和躯干屈伸肌群肌力的影响。方法：148例脑卒中偏瘫患者来源于我院2019年5月~2021年5月期间我院接收的患者,根据随机数字表法分为对照组（n=74,常规康复训练的基础上结合MOTOmed下肢智能运动训练）和研究组（n=74,对照组的基础上结合运动想象疗法）。两组均干预12周。对比两组下肢功能、步行能力和躯干屈伸肌群肌力变化。结果：两组干预12周后Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）、Barthel指数（BI）、功能性步行能力分级量表（FAC）评分升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组干预12周后步频、步速、跨步长比率升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组干预12周后健侧腹直肌、竖脊肌表面肌电信号的均方根值未见明显变化,且组间同时点对比无差异（P>0.05）。两组干预12周后患侧腹直肌、竖脊肌表面肌电信号的均方根值升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：脑卒中偏瘫患者在MOTOmed下肢智能运动训练的基础上进行运动想象疗法,可促进下肢功能改善,提高步行能力,同时还可改善患侧躯干屈伸肌群肌力。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激联合等速肌力训练模式干预对脑卒中的影响

摘要 目的：探讨等速肌力训练与低频重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中患者下肢肌力的影响。方法：选择2020年2月到2021年8月在本院住院诊治的脑卒中患者96例作为研究对象,采用完全随机化1：1信封抽签原则把患者分为联合组与对照组各48例。对照组给予等速肌力训练,联合组在对照组治疗基础上给予低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗。两组在4周后记录下肢肌力变化情况。结果：（1）两组治疗后的美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分（NIHSS）低于治疗前,联合组低于对照组（P<0.05）。（2）两组治疗后的简化Fugl-Meye下肢评分高于治疗前,联合组高于对照组（P<0.05）。（3）两组治疗后的120 °/s时膝关节的伸肌与屈肌峰力矩体重比都高于治疗前,联合组高于对照组（P<0.05）。（4）两组治疗后的运动诱发电位潜伏期低于治疗前,波幅高于治疗前,联合组与对照组对比有差异（P<0.05）。结论：等速肌力训练联合低频重复经颅磁刺激在脑卒中患者的应用能促进改善神经功能与运动诱发电位,从而提高患者的下肢肌力与运动能力。     

肌内效贴镇痛联合康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能、步行参数和生活质量的影响

目的:探讨肌内效贴镇痛联合康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能、步行参数和生活质量的影响。方法:选取2017年1月-2018年1月期间我院收治的脑卒中偏瘫患者200例为研究对象。根据随机数表法将患者分为对照组(n=100)与观察组(n=100)。两组患者均接受常规康复训练,观察组在此基础上联合肌内效贴镇痛治疗。两组均治疗4周,观察并比较两组患者治疗前后下肢运动功能、步行参数和生活质量。结果:两组患者治疗后简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA-L)、徒手肌力测试(MMT)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)均较治疗前升高,且观察组高于对照组(P0.05);两组患者治疗后改良Ash-worth量表(MAS)、计时起立行走测试(TGUT)均较治疗前降低,且观察组低于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者治疗后步速、步幅、患侧步长、健侧步长、步态周期、双腿支撑期均较治疗前升高,且观察组高于对照组(P0.05);两组患者治疗后步态不对称指数较治疗前降低,且观察组低于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者治疗后Barthel指数(BI)较治疗前升高,且观察组高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:肌内效贴镇痛与康复训练联合治疗脑卒中偏瘫患者,疗效满意,可显著改善患者下肢运动功能、步行参数以及生活质量。