Hormones and liver mitochondria: Influence of growth hormone,thyroxine, testosterone,and insulin on thermotropic effects of respiration and fatty acid composition of membranes

The effects of hypophysectomy and subsequent administration of growth hormone, thyroxine, insulin, and testosterone were examined in rat liver for the relationship between the thermotropic effects on State 3 respiration (ADP induced) and fatty acid composition of the phospholipid fraction of intact mitochondria as well as of inner membrane vesicles. The Arrhenius profile for energy-linked (succinate) State 3 respiration of mitochondria from hypophysectomized rats lacked the discontinuity at 23.5 °C seen with mitochondria from normal rats. After injections of the hormones the discontinuity representing the transition temperature from gel to liquid crystalline state of lipids occurred at different temperatures: 18.5 °C for growth hormone, 26.0 °C for thyroxine, 19.5 °C for growth hormone + thyroxine, 27.6 °C for insulin, and 25.3 °C for testosterone. The energy of activation between 37.5 and 23.5 °C was 1.9 times greater for hypophysectomy than for controls. Growth hormone was the most effective in restoring the energy of activation to normal, above as well as below transition temperature. The effect of thyroxine appears to be due to a larger stimulation of the State 4 respiration than that of growth hormone, insulin, or testosterone, especially at higher temperatures. Phospholipids extracted from intact mitochondria or inner membrane vesicles of hypophysectomized rats contained less arachidonic acid (20:4) and more linoleic acid (18:2) than those of normal rats. In addition, the contents of some of the minor fatty acids were also changed. Calculated unsaturation index showed an 18.8 and 14.9% depletion in unsaturation in whole mitochondria and inner membranes, respectively. Among the different hormones used to treat the hypophysectomized rats, growth hormone was the most effective in restoring the transition temperature and fatty acid composition to normal levels and increasing the gain in body weight. Although the other hormones increased total unsaturation index to some extent, some of the individual fatty acids were affected differently. Good correlation exists between the unsaturation index of mitochondrial fatty acids and transition temperature of State 3 respiration. These results strongly suggest a role for the hormones, particularly growth hormone, in the control of mitochondrial membrane fluidity of hypophysectomized rat liver, through fatty acid composition of phospholipids.     

A mutant of Halobacterium halobium with constitutive production of bacteriorhodopsin

Abstract A purple mutant of Halobacterium halobium was isolated in a previous study. The 'in vitro' absorption spectra of the cells gave a broad shoulder around 570 nm. The amounts of bacteriorhodopsin were high under any growth condition (including aerobic) inhibitory for the wild-type strain. The mutant grew faster under illuminated microaerophilic conditions and showed faster proton extrusion than the wild-type strain. This evidence shows that the mutant has a constitutive bacteriorhodopsin production not influenced by the oxygen concentration in the medium. However, some stimulation by light was found.     

Plasma catecholamines: effects of footshock level and hormonal modulators of memory storage

Plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) were measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats before and at several times after training injections of agents known to enhance or to impair later retention performance for a one-trial inhibitory (passive) avoidance task. Two days before testing, each animal was surgically prepared with a chronic tail artery catheter that allows for repeated blood sampling in unhandled rats. Exposure to a single, intense training footshock (3.0 mA, 2.0 sec duration) resulted in an immediate but transient increase in plasma levels of EPI and to a lesser extent NE. Plasma levels of both catecholamines did not differ between unshocked controls and animals that received a weak training footshock (0.6 mA, 0.5 sec duration). An injection of EPI at a dose that enhances retention performance (0.1 mg/kg, sc) resulted in increments in plasma EPI levels of 0.8-1.9 ng/ml from 5 to 40 min after injection. An injection of EPI (0.5 mg/kg, sc) at a dose that produces retrograde amnesia resulted in increments in plasma EPI ranging from 3.7 to 4.5 ng/ml during the 40 min after injection. Plasma NE levels were not significantly altered following an EPI injection. A single injection of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH, 0.3 or 3.0 IU per rat) did not alter the plasma catecholamine responses to training with a weak footshock. Similarly, the synthetic ACTH analog, Organon 2766 (125 or 250 mg/Kg) did not affect plasma catecholamines in untrained (unshocked) rats.These results demonstrate that significant increments in plasma levels of NE and EPI occur shortly after inhibitory avoidance training. Furthermore, an injection of EPI that enhances retention of an inhibitory avoidance task mimics the magnitude, though not the temporal characteristics, of the endogenous adrenal medullary response to a training footshock. Other hormonal treatments (ACTH and Organon 2766) which enhance memory storage do not affect plasma levels of NE and EPI.     

The structure of 180° supernumerary limbs and a hypothesis of their formation

The results of a detailed analysis of 100 supernumerary limbs generated by 180° ipsilateral rotation (on the same limb stump) of regeneration blastemas is presented. The limbs were analyzed in terms of their position of origin, frequency, cartilage structure by Victoria blue staining, and muscle structure by serial sections. Single, double, or triple supernumeraries can be produced at no unique position of origin, although the posterodorsal quadrant was preferred. Four classes of supernumerary limbs were generated by such operations—normal; double dorsal or double ventral; part normal/part mirror imaged; part normal/part inverted in approximately equal frequencies. After amputation of these supernumeraries the same muscle patterns are faithfully regenerated. A hypothesis to explain the production of these abnormal limbs is proposed based on the observed phenomenon of fusion of supernumerary blastemata, but their regenerative behaviour presents problems for current models of pattern formation. Similar results have been obtained with developing limb buds and the relation between development and regeneration is discussed.     

Variants of the Varimax Rotation Method

In the present paper we present an example proving that the Varimax rotation method commonly used in factor analysis (see H. F. KAISER, 1958) need not give a unique solution. We also show that changing the original algorithm more than one local maximum of the criterion “V” can be achieved. Hence the loadings of factors and practical interpretations of solutions are affected in this way.     

GRF-induced feeding: Evidence for protein selectivity and opiate involvement

Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) is a hypothalamic peptide named for its ability to induce release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary. GRF also acts as a neurotransmitter in the suprachiasmatic nucleus/medial preoptic area (SCN/MPOA) to stimulate food intake. The purpose of this series of experiments was to explore the nature of GRF-induced feeding, with a particular emphasis on macronutrient selectivity, and to examine the role of opiate activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Chow intake stimulated by GRF microinjection (1 pmol/0.5 μl) into the SCN/MPOA was blocked by injection of methyl-naltrexone (3 μg/0.5 μl) into the PVN. In animals habituated to macronutrient diets (Teklad, WI), GRF preferentially stimulated intake of protein at 2 and 4 h postinjection, whereas it had no effect on carbohydrate intake. Further, this effect was blocked by injection of naloxone (40 nmol/0.5 μl) into the PVN. Microinjection of morphine (0, 1, 10, and 17 μg/0.5 μl) into the PVN also specifically stimulated protein intake at 2 and 4 h postinjection. These results suggest that feeding derived from GRF actions in the SCN/MPOA is macronutrient selective, and is dependent on PVN opiate activity for expression.     

Maternal induction of larval diapause and its sensitive stage in the blow fly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Lucilia sericata has a facultative diapause in the third larval instar after cessation of feeding. Induction of the diapause is influenced by the photoperiod and temperature conditions experienced by insects in the parental generation as well as those experienced by the larvae themselves. The sensitive stage of the parental generation for induction of diapause was examined using diapause‐averting conditions of 16 h light : 8 h darkness (LD 16:8) at 25°C and diapause‐inducing conditions of LD 12:12 at 20°C. The incidence of diapause in the progeny was predominantly determined by the conditions experienced by the parents in the adult stage. Moreover, the results of reciprocal crosses showed that only the mother's experience is involved in the induction of diapause in the progeny.     

Seasonal changes of the ultrastructure of the pars tuberalis of the hypophysis of Rana temporaria

Summary In the pars tuberalis of the hypophysis of Rana temporaria, which shows the ultrastructural characteristics of a polypeptide hormone secreting endocrine gland, seasonal changes of the ultrastructure are described. In accordance with the literature, these seasonal changes of ultrastructure are interpreted as the morphological expression of seasonal changes of endocrine activity of the pars tuberalis.