DNA fingerprinting evidence of nonfilial nursing in grey seals

We tested the hypothesis that kin selection may play a role in fostering behaviour in grey seals. Fostering frequency varied among three colonies, ranging from 3% to 28%. Band-sharing coefficients (S) of DNA fingerprints, from two multilocus probes, were used to predict relatedness ( r ). Mean r did not differ between foster mother-pup pairs and the expected r = 0 for presumed unrelated female-pup pairs. Likewise, mean r between fostered and filial pups compared to r between presumed unrelated pups within the same beaches did not differ. Mean S values of presumed unrelated pups on different beaches within the two smallest colonies were indistinguishable, indicating that there is not increased variation in relatedness in small colonies. These results suggest that kin selection does not play a significant role in the maintenance of grey seal fostering behaviour.     

公立医院组织公民压力对护理人员工作倦怠的影响

目的 首次检验护理职场中的组织公民压力对护理人员工作倦怠的影响并进行机制阐释。方法 使用组织公民压力量表和工作倦怠量表进行了一个横断面问卷调查,收集了845份护士的调查问卷,有效回收率为85.61%。结果 组织公民压力得分均值为（1.67±0.64）分,处于低水平;工作倦怠得分均值为（2.50±1.12）分,处于中等偏下水平;组织公民压力显著预测护理人员的工作倦怠（β= 0.566,P＜0.01）。结论 组织公民压力虽然程度不高,但是较普通存在护理职场,并能加剧护理人员的工作倦怠感。     

ORPHAN-INDUCED LACTATION IN TURSIOPS AND ANALYSIS OF COLLECTED MILK

Two non-lactating, non-gravid female bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus , (SLA, age 32 yr and TOD, age 34 yr) began lactating within one week after being housed with a 6.5- and 6.75-month-old orphaned calf, respectively. Cooperative swimming and nursing behaviors were quickly evident in both cow/ calf pairs. During the first 2.5 mo a milk substitute, eventually in combination with some whole fish, was used to supplement nursing in both calves. After this initial period, supplemental feeding was discontinued. SLA then became her adopted calf s sole source of nutrition for the next 5 mo, followed by another 6 mo during which the calf shifted to a predominantly fish diet with occasional nursing. TOD's orphan also continued to nurse beyond the 2.5-mo supplementation period and began voluntarily accepting small quantities of fish, suckling continued over the next year while fish consumption increased. Using a modified human breast pump, trainers collected milk at intervals from the adult dolphins throughout the lactation period. The first milk collected from TOD (day 8 after housing with calf) and SLA (day 12 with her calf) contained 6.0% and 10.3% fat, respectively. On day 68 TOD's milk fat had increased to 23.5%, and on day 37 that of SLA measured 22.5%. These later values are similar to those reported for normally lactating bottlenose dolphins.     

护理决策参与、职业紧张与留职意愿的相关性研究

目的 了解护理人员决策参与的现状水平及其与职业紧张、留职意愿的关系,为提高护理决策参与水平提供依据。方法 抽取天津市4所三级甲等医院护士300名,应用护理决策参与量表、职业紧张量表及留职意愿量表进行问卷调查。结果 护理实际决策参与和期望决策参与均低于决策共享水平,且两者之间差异有统计学意义;护理实际决策参与负性影响职业紧张,还可通过职业紧张的中介作用影响留职意愿。结论 医院管理者应通过提高护理决策参与,降低职业紧张度,从而增加护士留职意愿,稳定护理队伍。     

Polytrichum Strictum as a Solution to Frost Heaving in Disturbed Ecosystems: A Case Study with Milled Peatlands

Substrate instability is a common problem in many disturbed ecosystems. In the case of milled harvested peatlands, the pioneer moss Polytrichum strictum is commonly found; it is well adapted to tolerate the harsh microclimatic conditions and peat instability of these sites. A field experiment was used to determine the effectiveness of P. strictum against frost heaving, a major type of disturbance on bare peat. Wooden dowels and fir trees (Abies balsamea) placed in a P. strictum carpet experienced almost no frost heaving, whereas heaving was severe on bare peat. Reintroduced P. strictum fragments thinly spread on bare peat reduced but did not eliminate frost heaving. Straw mulch (a protective cover often required in peatland restoration) effectively reduced heaving in the fall, but was less effective in the spring because it had partially decomposed. The P. strictum carpet, P. strictum fragments, and straw mulch reduced frost heaving by reducing the number of freeze–thaw cycles, by slowing the rate of ground thaw in the spring, and by reducing the unfrozen water content of the peat during the spring thaw. Different species of Polytrichum mosses should be considered for the restoration or regeneration of disturbed ecosystems where soil stability is problematic.     

Rapid establishment of teat order and allonursing in wild boar (Sus scrofa)

Transfer of milk is the fundamental common characteristic of mammalian reproduction, but species differ considerably with respect to nursing strategies. The consequences of teat orders and allonursing have been studied intensively in domestic pigs. However, whether similar nursing strategies also exist in wild boar, the ancestor of domestic pigs is so far not known. The occurrence of allonursing in wild boar is only described anecdotally, and the question whether a teat order is established has not yet been investigated. Studying suckling behaviour of 29 piglets from six primiparous wild boar females in a semi‐natural environment we found a surprisingly fast development of a rigid teat order among littermates, which established within 2.2 hr after birth. This suggests strong fitness benefits of this phenomenon that may ultimately explain the evolution and maintenance of this trait. We further found a strong synchrony of oestrus and delivery among the females of a group, as well as the occurrence of allonursing. By determining the amount of allonursing for the first time quantitatively, we demonstrate the importance of this trait and its presumably pivotal role for juvenile survival under truly natural conditions.     

基于Donabedian质量理论的我国护理环境的思考

基于Donabedian质量理论研究,即“结构-过程-结果”理论模式,分析其对护理环境的评价与维护。通过检索患者安全的相关网站、案例和文献资料,结合三层维度来阐释优质护理环境与患者安全的关系,并对其进行本土化研究和借鉴,提出相应建议,以期对保障患者安全有所帮助。