茶蚜(Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer))蜜露分泌节律及对多种天敌的引诱效应

为研究茶蚜蜜露的分泌节律及对蚜茧蜂、中华草蛉、大草蛉、门氏食蚜蝇、七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫二斑变型、显现变种、显明变种和十九斑变种的引诱效应,在21℃、85%RH、3500lx光照和12L∶12D光周期下,把1头无翅胎生雌成蚜在1h内产出的45头无翅胎生雌若蚜分别引至小茶苗上,观测发育,收集蜜露。发现若蚜和成蚜历期为32.4d±5.8d,分泌蜜露325.6滴±35.8滴,体积为41.98μl±6.14μl,质量为45.34mg±8.76mg。1～4龄期间的蜜露量与天数呈Logistic关系。其中1～2龄期分泌的蜜露量较小。成蚜历期22.0d±0.0d,分泌蜜露176.31滴±22.38滴,体积30.38μl±5.32μl,连续分泌5～8h之后间歇2～5h。另取一头雌成蚜在1h内产出的、已发育为成蚜的45头雌成蚜,在13～21℃、85%RH、3500lx光照和12L∶12D光周期下观测,发现室温的升降明显影响蜜露分泌量。蜜露显著延长9种(亚种)天敌昆虫搜寻时间;随着蜜露剂量的增大,搜寻时间显著地延长。蚜茧蜂搜寻时间最长,门氏食蚜蝇最短,异色瓢虫4变种(型)中,显明变种搜寻时间最长。茶蚜蜜露是重要的引诱多种天敌的接触性利它素。     

七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫四变种成虫对茶蚜蜜露的搜索行为和蜜露的组分分析

采用培养皿 ,1承接茶蚜自然分泌蜜露 ;2收集蜜露浓缩后点于培养皿中心。逐头释放瓢虫于分别盛有这 2类蜜露的培养皿中心进行生物测定 ,两个试验均证明 :1蜜露强烈地吸引七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫 ,随着蜜露浓度呈梯度地增大 ,搜寻时间极显著地延长 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ;2蜜露可激发瓢虫的搜索行为由广域搜索型转换为地域集中搜索型。前 0～ 5s局限在较小范围内不断地转向 ,即搜索速度小 ,转动角度大。七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫显明变种最敏感 ,搜索和滞留时间也最长。用高效液相色谱定性定量地分析出蜜露中有茶氨酸等 1 3种氨基酸和蔗糖等 7种糖分。     

11个红紫芽茶树新品系的芽叶特性和生化成分研究

对全年芽叶都呈红紫色的11个新选育的高花青素茶树品系新梢芽叶进行了百芽重和色泽调查,并对其生化组分进行了比较分析,旨在为今后筛选出高产优质的高花青素茶树种质资源、开发高花青素茶叶加工和深加工保健产品提供物质和理论基础。结果表明:11个新品系分枝能力较强,百芽重适中,具有较高的产量潜力;芽叶红紫色的深浅与花青素含量呈正相关,而与茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱和游离氨基酸无关;除HY-5和HY-8芽叶色泽在秋季最深外,其他红紫芽品系芽叶的红紫色都在夏季最深,说明红紫芽茶树芽叶的色泽及其花青素含量同时受外界环境和遗传因子的控制。     

基于DGGE技术的茯砖茶发花过程细菌群变化分析

变性梯度胶电泳是当前微生物生态学研究重要技术之一。为研究茯砖茶发花过程中细菌群落结构和种类,对发花过程中不同时段细菌16S rDNA的V3可变区扩增,经变性梯度胶电泳(DGGE)后、对细菌DGGE条带进行克隆、测序和比对。结果表明,在发花过程的第0—4天、6—8天、10—14天茯砖茶发花存在3个差异较大的细菌优势种群结构的演变;从16SrDNA的V3可变区比对结果证明黑毛茶发花过程中有短波单胞菌属、诺卡氏菌属、新鞘脂菌属、突那梭菌属、韦龙氏假单胞菌属、乳杆菌属、克雷伯氏菌属以及不可培养ε-变形菌、腐败螺旋菌属、粘球菌属、根瘤菌属和6种未知分类地位的不可培养细菌,说明采用DGGE指纹图谱能更系统、更真实地反映茯砖茶发花发酵过程中细菌群落结构和多样性变化。     

咖啡和绿茶的抗氧化活性研究

茶和咖啡是全世界消费最多的饮料。该工作利用电子自旋共振(ESR)技术和ABTS〔2,2'-Azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)〕等方法,研究和比较了3种绿茶(龙井、碧螺春和毛峰)和3种咖啡的抗氧化活性,以及对ABTS 、DPPH、超氧阴离子、羟基自由基、单线态氧的清除作用和对脂质过氧化的抑制作用。利用高压液相色谱(HPLC)分析了绿茶中的抗氧化成分之一EGCG((-)-epigallocatechin gallate)和咖啡中的抗氧化成分之一绿原酸(chlorogenic acid5,CQA)的含量。结果发现,如果按每克剂量比较,对于清除ABTS 的能力而言,茶和咖啡水提取液对ABTS 清除能力各有千秋,咖啡水提取液的比龙井、毛峰水提取液的高,但与碧螺春无显著差异,咖啡B比咖啡A和C强;按每杯茶(3g/200mL)和咖啡(2.4g/200mL)对ABTS 的清除能力进行比较,咖啡的比龙井和毛峰的高但比碧螺春低,咖啡B比咖啡A和C强。对超氧阴离子、羟基和DPPH自由基及单线态氧的清除作用和对脂质过氧化的抑制作用的研究表明,如果按每克剂量比较,茶和咖啡水提取液没有明显区别;按每杯量进行比较时,茶水提取液比咖啡水提取液对自由基的清除能力稍强。HPLC结果表明,EGCG含量在毛峰中最高,5CQA含量在咖啡B中最高。该研究结果表明茶和咖啡中均含有丰富的抗氧化成分,并都具有较强的抗氧化活性和清除自由基能力。     

Effect of tea saponin on rumen fermentation in vitro

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of tea saponins (TS) on ruminal fermentation in vitro using gas syringes as incubators. The TS were added at levels of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg against 200 mg mixture of corn meal and grass meal (1/1, w/w) in rumen fluid. In vitro gas production (GP) was recorded and methane concentration was determined at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h incubation. After 24 h, the incubation was stopped and the inoculants were determined for pH, ammonia-N, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), protozoa counts and microbial protein yield. The GP was increased with the increasing level of TS except 8 mg at 24 h, which kept little change from that of the control. Methane concentration was decreased at all levels of TS at each incubation time. At 24 h incubation, inclusion with 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg of TS decreased methane concentration by 13, 22, 25 and 26%, respectively. The pH of ruminal fluid was slightly lower at 4 and 6 mg TS, but all values were in the normal range. Ammonia-N concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.01) when the TS were included. Concentrations of individual and total VFAs were not significantly effected by TS addition. The TS significantly inhibited the protozoa growth in ruminal fluid (P < 0.01). At 24 h incubation, protozoa counts were reduced by 19, 25, 45 and 79%, respectively at levels of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg of TS compared to that in control. The microbial protein was enhanced with the TS addition except 2 mg level, and reached 1.92, 2.36 and 2.61 mg/mL with addition of 4, 6 and 8 mg TS, compared to 1.50 mg/mL in control. It is suggested that TS could modify the rumen fermentation and inhibit the release of methane and ammonia, which may be beneficial for improving nutrient utilization and animal growth.     

茶稻间作系统的生态结构特征及生理特性研究

茶稻间作系统叶面积指数高于单作茶园,且上、下２ 层空间分布合理,水稻生长前期形成上部茶冠和下部水稻的生态边界层,生长后期则形成上部水稻和下部茶冠的生态边界层,有利于系统对光、热、水、气资源的充分利用．比之于单作茶园,茶稻间作系统内盛夏期相对光强减弱３５７ ％ ,午后温度降低０９ ～１９ ℃,相对湿度增加７ ％ ,为茶树生长提供了较适宜的生态环境条件,新梢生长速率有所提高．茶稻间作系统中的水稻比水田水稻水分利用率高,边际效应显著,有效穗数增加,结实率提高     

超临界二氧化碳萃取茶多酚的研究

本文住流动法测定装置中测定了茶多酚在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解度,温度分别为40℃、60℃和80℃,压力范围为12～22MPa。在80℃,21MPa下,测定了干茶叶(加或不加夹带剂)中茶多酚的萃取量与CO_2累计用量的关系。最后将萃取物经简单分离,得到相对纯度为95.45％的茶多酚和相对纯度为86.54％的咖啡因。     

山东茶山高等植物资源及群落结构

目的:为有效保护和合理利用山东茶山国家级生态示范区植物资源提供科学依据.方法:对茶山进行了植物物种综合普查,调查范围涉及植物物种及野外分布、群落结构和区系组成.结果:记录到高等植物352种,隶属90科250属,其中国家二级重点保护植物4种.本区地带性植被为黑松人工林及次生杂木林,主要森林植被为黑松群落Pinus thunbergii community.其植物区系以热带分布类型和温带分布类型为主,纬度因素和"岛屿效应"应是形成该格局的主要成因.受强烈人为活动干扰,该区域原生植被类型已遭严重破坏,珍稀植物灭绝风险很高.结论:调查表明该区域群落结构简单,灌木层和层间结构不发达,群落演替时间短.     

Microbial Biomass, N Mineralization and Nitrification, Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Community Diversity in Tea Orchard Soils

Understanding the chronological changes in soil microbial and biochemical properties of tea orchard ecosystems after wasteland has been reclaimed is important from ecological, environmental, and management perspectives. In this study, we determined microbial biomass, net N mineralization, and nitrification, enzyme (invertase, urease, proteinase, and acid phosphatase) activities, microbial community diversity assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, and related ecological factors in three tea orchard systems (8-, 50-, and 90-year-old tea orchards), adjacent wasteland and 90-year-old forest. Soil microbial biomass C (C_mic) and activity, i.e., soil basal respiration (R_mic), microbial biomass C as a percent of soil organic C (C_mic/C_org), N mineralization, invertase, urease, proteinase, and acid phosphatase, significantly increased after wasteland was reclaimed; however, with the succeeding development of tea orchard ecosystems, a decreasing trend from the 50- to 90-year-old tea orchard became apparent. Soil net nitrification showed an increasing trend from the 8- to 50-year-old tea orchard and then a decreasing trend from the 50- to 90-year-old tea orchard, and was significantly higher in the tea orchards compared to the wasteland and forest. Urea application significantly stimulated soil net nitrification, indicating nitrogen fertilizer application may be an important factor leading to high-nitrification rates in tea orchard soils. The Shannon’s diversity index (H) and richness (S) based on DGGE profiles of 16S rRNA genes were obviously lower in all three tea orchards than those in the wasteland; nevertheless, they were significantly higher in all three tea orchards than those in the forest. As for the three tea orchard soils, comparatively higher community diversity was found in the 50-year-old tea orchard.