尖峰岭热带山地雨林主要种类能量背景值测定分析

 本文报道了海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林主要树种67种、灌木及大型木质藤本植物16种的各器官的热值。结果表明,热带森林主要种类的热值差异甚大,即使相同属内的一些种类,均具有明显的差异,这种差异与植物种的生物学特性有关,即在生活型的分类系统中,芽位越高的植物其热值越高,但在同一树种中,不同个体大小的植株,其差异不明显;不同植物种的根系热值也差异不大。一般情况下,树叶的热值较大,树干、树皮、树枝和根系次之。 已初步证明了部分热带植物含有较多的硅、锰、铁、钙等元素,它们在样品燃烧后形成了颗粒状的剩余物,这是一个值得更深入探讨的新问题。     

海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林的群落结构特征

本文讨论了海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林乔木层的群落结构的一些基本特征,结果表明：热带山地雨林种类成份复杂,生物多样性指标高,原始林的Shannon－Wiener多样性指数（乔木层）为5．8—6．3,而更新林则在4．5—4．8之间,均匀度指标均在81％以上,反映了优势种群不明显的特点。群落组成种类以热带成份占优势,达80％以上。乔木层的胸径和树高分布均合理;群落组成种群的频度分布不同于RaunKiaer提出的频度定律,而是以A＞＞B＞C＞DE→0（原始林）和A＞＞B＞C＞D→0＜E（天然更新林）的形式存在,并且以A级频度占绝对优势,反映了热带林在世界植被中的特殊性。     

庐山野生观赏植物资源多样性及持续利用对策

庐山是我国著名的风景旅游和避暑胜地,也是我国中亚热带北缘植物多样性的宝库．本文在广泛调查、收集、整理的基础上,研究了庐山野生观赏植物资源多样性特征、分布、类型及其配置．本区分布有野生观赏植物５２８种,隶属于１１５科２９０属,其中乔木类１３８种,灌木类１４０种,藤木类５２种,草本类１９８种．并根据开发与保护现状对庐山野生观赏植物资源多样性的持续利用提出了切实可行的对策．     

Projecting the future of an alpine ungulate under climate change scenarios

Climate change represents a primary threat to species persistence and biodiversity at a global scale. Cold adapted alpine species are especially sensitive to climate change and can offer key “early warning signs” about deleterious effects of predicted change. Among mountain ungulates, survival, a key determinant of demographic performance, may be influenced by future climate in complex, and possibly opposing ways. Demographic data collected from 447 mountain goats in 10 coastal Alaska, USA, populations over a 37‐year time span indicated that survival is highest during low snowfall winters and cool summers. However, general circulation models (GCMs) predict future increase in summer temperature and decline in winter snowfall. To disentangle how these opposing climate‐driven effects influence mountain goat populations, we developed an age‐structured population model to project mountain goat population trajectories for 10 different GCM/emissions scenarios relevant for coastal Alaska. Projected increases in summer temperature had stronger negative effects on population trajectories than the positive demographic effects of reduced winter snowfall. In 5 of the 10 GCM/representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios, the net effect of projected climate change was extinction over a 70‐year time window (2015–2085); smaller initial populations were more likely to go extinct faster than larger populations. Using a resource selection modeling approach, we determined that distributional shifts to higher elevation (i.e., “thermoneutral”) summer range was unlikely to be a viable behavioral adaptation strategy; due to the conical shape of mountains, summer range was expected to decline by 17%–86% for 7 of the 10 GCM/RCP scenarios. Projected declines of mountain goat populations are driven by climate‐linked bottom‐up mechanisms and may have wide ranging implications for alpine ecosystems. These analyses elucidate how projected climate change can negatively alter population dynamics of a sentinel alpine species and provide insight into how demographic modeling can be used to assess risk to species persistence.     

雾灵山自然保护区维管植物区系的研究

雾灵山自然保护区有自生维管植物１１７科５２０属１５３２种（含种下单位１７５个）分别占河北省维管植物科,属,种数的７９．１％,６９．４％,７２．７％,是河北省维管植物丰富区域之一,本区植物工区系属较多,种数相对较少;木本植物少,多年生草本植物占绝对优势,具有典型的北温带性质。     

Imprints of multiple glacial refugia in the Pyrenees revealed by phylogeography and palaeodistribution modelling of an endemic spider

Mediterranean mountain ranges harbour highly endemic biota in islandlike habitats. Their topographic diversity offered the opportunity for mountain species to persist in refugial areas during episodes of major climatic change. We investigate the role of Quaternary climatic oscillations in shaping the demographic history and distribution ranges in the spider Harpactocrates ravastellus, endemic to the Pyrenees. Gene trees and multispecies coalescent analyses on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences unveiled two distinct lineages with a hybrid zone around the northwestern area of the Catalan Pyrenees. The lineages were further supported by morphological differences. Climatic niche‐based species distribution models (SDMs) identified two lowland refugia at the western and eastern extremes of the mountain range, which would suggest secondary contact following postglacial expansion of populations from both refugia. Neutrality test and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analyses indicated that several local populations underwent severe bottlenecks followed by population expansions, which in combination with the deep population differentiation provided evidence for population survival during glacial periods in microrefugia across the mountain range, in addition to the main Atlantic and Mediterranean (western and eastern) refugia. This study sheds light on the complexities of Quaternary climatic oscillations in building up genetic diversity and local endemicity in the southern Europe mountain ranges.     

北京山地森林生态系统服务功能及其价值初步研究

从生态系统服务功能的概念入手,根据观测和研究资料,采用替代工程、市场价值等方法,从两个方面评价了北京山地森林生态系统服务功能的价值。结果表明,面积为4056.64km^2的北京山地森林生态系统的生态服务功能价值每年为167.78亿元,其中涵养水源价值搂91.67%亿元,净化水质价值为15.3亿元,保持土壤价值为2806.92万元,固碳制氧价值为2.24亿元,净化环境价值为48.65亿元,游憩价值为9074.98万元,林果品价值为8.73亿元。     

Effects of forest types on leaf functional traits and their interrelationships of Pinus massoniana coniferous and broad‐leaved mixed forests in the subtropical mountain,Southeastern China

Leaf functional traits are widely used to detect and explain adaptations that enable plants to live under various environmental conditions. This study aims to determine the difference in leaf functional traits among four forest types of Pinus massoniana coniferous and broad‐leaved mixed forests by leaf morphological, nutrients, and stoichiometric traits in the subtropical mountain, Southeastern China. Our study indicated that the evergreen conifer species of P. massoniana had higher leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf C content, C/N and C/P ratios, while the three deciduous broad‐leaved species of L. formosana, Q. tissima, and P. strobilacea had higher specific leaf area (SLA), leaf N, leaf P nutrient contents, and N/P ratio in the three mixed forest types. The results showed that the species of P. massoniana has adapted to the nutrient‐poor environment by increasing their leaf dry matter for higher construction costs thereby reducing water loss and reflects a resource conservation strategy. In contrast, the three species of L. formosana, Q. tissima, and P. strobilacea exhibited an optimized resource acquisition strategy rather than resource conservation strategy in the subtropical mountain of southeastern China. Regarding the four forest types, the three mixed forest types displayed increased plant leaf nutrient contents when compared to the pure P. massoniana forest, especially the P. massoniana–L. formosana mixed forest type (PLM). Overall, variation in leaf functional traits among different forest types may play an adaptive role in the successful survival of plants under diverse environments because leaf functional traits can lead to significant effects on leaf function, especially for their acquisition of nutrients and use of light. The results of this study are beneficial to reveal the changes in plant leaf functional traits at the regional scale, which will provide a foundation for predicting changes in leaf traits and adaptation in the future environment.     

Plant intraspecific functional trait variation is related to within‐habitat heterogeneity and genetic diversity in Trifolium montanum L.

Intraspecific trait variation (ITV), based on available genetic diversity, is one of the major means plant populations can respond to environmental variability. The study of functional trait variation and diversity has become popular in ecological research, for example, as a proxy for plant performance influencing fitness. Up to now, it is unclear which aspects of intraspecific functional trait variation (iFD_CV) can be attributed to the environment or genetics under natural conditions. Here, we examined 260 individuals from 13 locations of the rare (semi‐)dry calcareous grassland species Trifolium montanum L. in terms of iFD_CV, within‐habitat heterogeneity, and genetic diversity. The iFD_CV was assessed by measuring functional traits (releasing height, biomass, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, F_v/F_m, performance index, stomatal pore surface, and stomatal pore area index). Abiotic within‐habitat heterogeneity was derived from altitude, slope exposure, slope, leaf area index, soil depth, and further soil factors. Based on microsatellites, we calculated expected heterozygosity (H_e) because it best‐explained, among other indices, iFD_CV. We performed multiple linear regression models quantifying relationships among iFD_CV, abiotic within‐habitat heterogeneity and genetic diversity, and also between separate functional traits and abiotic within‐habitat heterogeneity or genetic diversity. We found that abiotic within‐habitat heterogeneity influenced iFD_CV twice as strong compared to genetic diversity. Both aspects together explained 77% of variation in iFD_CV ( = .77, F_{2, 10} = 21.66, p < .001). The majority of functional traits (releasing height, biomass, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, F_v/F_m, and performance index) were related to abiotic habitat conditions indicating responses to environmental heterogeneity. In contrast, only morphology‐related functional traits (releasing height, biomass, and leaf area) were related to genetics. Our results suggest that both within‐habitat heterogeneity and genetic diversity affect iFD_CV and are thus crucial to consider when aiming to understand or predict changes of plant species performance under changing environmental conditions.     

喀斯特山区粗裂地钱风兜亚种冬季芽胞杯的形态多样性特征及芽胞传播观察

芽胞杯是地钱属特有的无性繁殖器官,关于其冬季形态特征及繁殖传播的行为研究较少。现以贵州喀斯特山区常见的粗裂地钱风兜亚种（Marchantia paleacea subsp.diptera）为代表,在最冷的冬季1月份,对其芽胞杯、杯内芽胞产量及传播方式进行野外定点观察和采样分析。结果显示：（1）冬季芽胞杯形态多样。根据其颜色和杯内芽胞特点将其划分为4个生长时期：未成熟期（透明）、成熟期（绿色）、衰退期（紫色）和衰亡期（紫黑色）,反映了冬季芽胞杯生长发育的不同阶段。（2）各生长时期的芽胞杯数量不同,表现出有序的凋亡特征。在统计的708个芽胞杯中,4个时期芽胞杯数量分别为62、209、254和183个,且不同时期的芽胞杯内芽胞的平均产量明显不同,不同时期单杯芽胞的平均产量分别为42、131、87和0 个;（3）冬季芽胞杯及芽胞在配子体上的密度较高,每平方米分别达到10 139和754 889个;（4）除春夏季常见的被雨滴敲打传播外,通过重力作用传播是冬季芽胞的一种重要传播方式。冬季粗裂地钱风兜亚种配子体上的芽胞杯处在不同的生长时期,形成的芽胞仍十分丰富,这对该物种适应喀斯特山区最冷月严苛环境条件具有积极的意义。