獐牙菜属和花锚属药用植物花瓣的扫描电镜研究及其分类意义

本文对国产獐牙菜属和花锚属药用植物的花瓣进行了扫描电镜的研究．发现实验样品花瓣的表面纹饰（包括初级雕纹与次级雕纹）具各种类型,在属间、种间以及种与变种间都存在稳定区别,具有一定的分类意义．研究结果为近缘植物分类提供了新的证据和建议．文中并附检索表与扫描电镜照片．     

Micropropagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Swertia chirata</Emphasis> Buch.-Hams. ex Wall.: a critically endangered medicinal herb

An efficient in vitro plant regeneration protocol for Swertia chirata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall (Gentianaceae), a critically endangered Himalayan medicinal herb, was developed using shoot tip explants derived from in vitro grown seedlings. Media with 2% sucrose and various types of hormones markedly influenced in vitro propagation of S. chirata. An in vitro shootlet production system using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with various hormones such as BAP, KN and TDZ was established. BAP at 1.0 mg/l and KN, 0.1 mg/l induced highest number of multiple shoots (42.16 ± 1.05) per explant. Micro-proliferated shoots were transferred to elongation medium amended with GA₃ (0.1 mg/l) and hormone free basal medium, after which they were transferred to rooting medium. The highest frequency of rooting (22.48 ± 1.08) was obtained in half-strength MS medium supplemented with NAA, 0.1 mg/l after testing with different auxins at various concentrations within 4 weeks of transfer to the rooting medium. Hardening was successfully attained under controlled conditions inside the plant tissue culture room. This method could effectively be applied for the conservation and clonal propagation to meet the pharmaceutical demands.     

抱茎獐牙菜的(口山)酮甙和黄酮甙

从龙胆科植物抱茎獐牙菜(Swertia franchtiana H.smith)中分得3种(口山)酮甙,1种黄酮甙和1种三萜酸,通过光谱和化学等方法,分别鉴定为当药醇甙,当药黄素,芒果甙,1-O-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1-6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-3,5-二甲氧基咄酮(XI)和齐墩果酸,其中晶 XI 为一新化合物。     

Effects of microhabitat,light and temperature on seed germination of a critically endangered Himalayan medicinal herb,Swertia chirayita: Conservation implications

Abstract

Swertia chirayita, a critically endangered medicinal herb, is being over-harvested in the wild. Understanding seed germination is a pre-requisite to ensure species conservation. The germination of seeds collected from six microhabitats was studied at 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C, both under a 14/10 h light/dark photoperiod and in continuous darkness. Two-way ANOVA indicated that microhabitat and temperature significantly affect seed germination, germination rate, germination recovery (GR), and GR rate. Overall, the seeds collected from under canopy showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher germination than those from open habitats, at 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C (14/10 h light/dark photoperiod). Germination was negligible in continuous darkness but after transfer to a 14/10 h light/dark photoperiod, the seeds from under canopy significantly recovered at 20°C and at 25°C (p < 0.05), and showed the highest germination percentage compared to seeds collected from tree base, stump base, shrubberies, and grassy slope. Similarly, at 30°C, seeds from under canopy recorded the highest GR percentage. In general, seed germination, mean germination rate, seed GR, and GR rate were significantly greater (p < 0.05) at 25°C. Among the microhabitats tested, variation in GR rate was significant (p < 0.05). Seeds were confirmed to be positively photoblastic.     

西南獐牙菜的胚胎学及其系统学意义

报道了西南獐牙菜的大、小孢子发生及雌,雄配子体发育过程,并以此讨论了獐牙菜属宽丝组和多枝组的分类等级和系统演化关系,西南獐牙菜花药四室;药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层二型起源,腺质型;中层细胞2层;药室内壁纤维状加厚,药壁表皮宿存,小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型;小孢子四分体的排列为四面体形,成熟花粉为3-细胞型,孔子房为3心皮,1室,胚珠12列,故为超侧膜胎座,薄珠心,单珠被,倒弯生胚珠,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成4个大孢子呈直线形排列,合点端的大孢子具功能,胚囊发育为蓼型,两极核在受精前融合为次生核,3个反足细胞次生增殖为5-8个,宿存,比较宽丝组和多枝组的胚胎党性一状表明宽丝组从多枝组中分出是合理的,在系统位置上宽丝组较多枝组进化。     

Xanthones and Phenylpropanoids from the Whole Herb of Swertia pseudochinensis and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity

An undescribed xanthone dimer, 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-7-(1′,5′,8′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxy-2′-xanthonyl)xanthone ( 1 ) was separated together with eleven known compounds ( 2 – 12 ) from the dried whole herb of Swertia pseudochinensis. It was the first time that the compounds 8 – 12 were isolated from the Swertia genus. The structure of compound 1 was illuminated based on chemical evidence and spectral data analysis (UV, 1D and 2D-NMR, HR-ESI-MS). Moreover, the inhibitory effects of all compounds on NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were tested, compounds 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 and 12 showing significant inhibition. The IC₅₀ value of compound 12 was 3.05±1.10 μM. Using target screening and molecular docking, we hypothesized that compound 12 may bind neutrophil elastase to exert its anti-inflammatory effects.     

Neuropharmacological and molecular docking studies of xanthones from Swertia corymbosa

Anxiety represents a public health problem consistently found to be the most prevalent class of mental disorders among people of all ages. Xanthones possess many biological properties, including neuroprotective, antioxidant or antidepressant-like. In this study, we aimed to investigate anxiolytic-like antidepressant and anticonvulsant properties of isolated xanthones from Swertia corymbosa. We evaluated anxiolytic-like activity of compounds 1–3 in the mouse elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field test (OF). We examined the influence on locomotor activity in mouse to determine if the effect observed in the actophotometer specific. We used step-through rotarod tests to evaluate the motor function and muscle grip. Compounds 1–3 significantly induced an increase in the number of entries into open arms and a decrease in time spent into closed arms at the dose of 50?mg/kg body weight (BW). The compounds also induced increase of rearing and decrease grooming at the doses of 25 and 50?mg/kg BW during the OF test. In addition, compounds induced a significant increase of time taken to enter at the center of the experimental set at the dose of 50?mg/kg BW during the open field test. The compounds 1–3 significantly delayed the onset as well as decreased the pentylenetetrazole and isoniazid-induced seizure tests. Compound 3 pretreatment significantly improved survivals in pentylenetetrazole and isoniazid-induced seizure tests. In silico studies reveal its possible mechanism of action shed on light to develop novel drugs against CNS disorders.     

Microsatellite loci in the soil‐dwelling collembolan,Orchesella cincta

Three total genomic libraries of the springtail Orchesella cincta (Insecta; Collembola) were screened for the presence of microsatellites using phosphor and colour detection. PCR primers were successfully constructed for six dinucleotide, one trinucleotide, and one interrupted dinucleotide microsatellite repeat. None of the microsatellite arrays were longer than 11 repeat units. Individuals from three forests were investigated: five out of eight microsatellite markers were polymophic in all forests (2–5 alleles per locus) and the observed heterozygosity was 0.1–0.9 per locus.     

Discriminating the xanthones in an extract of Swertia franchetiana by retention parameters

The quantitative structure--retention relationship is one of the most actively studied topics in the field of chromatography. In this paper, retention parameters of components were used to discriminate the xanthones in a methanol extract of Swertia franchetiana The extract was analysed by HPLC under two different multistage linear gradient conditions and the retention parameters calculated from these retention data. It was found that the retention parameters of xanthones are in a specific region in the plot of log k(w) vs. S and the xanthones in the extract could be distinguished from other components by this feature. Furthermore, xanthone aglycones and xanthone glucosides could also be discriminated by retention parameters.     

川东獐牙菜的引种栽培研究

川东獐牙菜是我国的一种珍稀药用植物,湖南湘西地区是其分布区之一。针对川獐 菜野生资源受到重破坏的情况,对其人工引种栽培进行了研究,旨在为川东獐牙菜的栽培及保护提供理论依据。研究结果表明：川东獐牙菜自然状态下结实率高,但萌发率不高且随环境条件的不同有不同的休眠期,人工栽培状态下结实率与萌发率均高,而且种子休眠期较短。小苗引种情况与所选择的栽培条件有很大的关系,泥培,沙培和水培中,以沙培效果最好;高,中,低湿度培养中,以中湿度培养效果最好。实验结果同时也表明,川东獐牙菜的人工引种栽培是安全可行的。