珠江口城市段近岸表层水体浮游细菌分离方法比较

为了更好地分离珠江口未/难培养的浮游细菌,本研究以珠江河口三个样点的水体为研究对象,同时采用了纯培养和免培养的方法,对不同培养基的分离效果进行了探索。在纯培养实验中,本研究选择了7种不同的分离培养基,共分离获得153株菌;同时,将扩增子分析结果作为分离效果的参考,所有环境样品中共包含3 553个操作分类单元（operational taxonomic units,OTUs）。对三个样点微生物类群的多样性进行比较,纯培养结果显示珠江口下游珠海样点多样性最高,其次为中大和虎门样点;免培养则显示虎门样点多样性最高;对比7种不同的分离培养基,Z7（R₂A）培养基的分离效果最好,分离菌株数和分离类群的α多样性最高,Z1（改良ISP 2）次之;主坐标分析结合韦恩图的结果表明相比其余的培养基,Z1和Z7培养基分离获得的菌群兼具普遍性和特异性,进一步证明了这两种培养基的分离效果较佳;冗余分析结果表明K₂HPO₄、酵母粉、可溶性淀粉、MgSO₄·7H₂O、麦芽膏和葡萄糖与特定类群的分离有相关关系,其中K₂HPO₄的影响最为显著（P<0.05）。本文通过7种不同培养基对河口微生物分离效果的探究,有助于我们在研究未知微生物的营养特性时,选择成分和组成更合理的培养基来提升河口微生物纯培养的分离效率。     

Metrics that differentiate the origins of osmolyte effects on protein stability: a test of the surface tension proposal

Osmolytes that are naturally selected to protect organisms against environmental stresses are known to confer stability to proteins via preferential exclusion from protein surfaces. Solvophobicity, surface tension, excluded volume, water structure changes and electrostatic repulsion are all examples of forces proposed to account for preferential exclusion and the ramifications exclusion has on protein properties. What has been lacking is a systematic way of determining which force(s) is(are) responsible for osmolyte effects. Here, we propose the use of two experimental metrics for assessing the abilities of various proposed forces to account for osmolyte-mediated effects on protein properties. Metric 1 requires prediction of the experimentally determined ability of the osmolyte to bring about folding/unfolding resulting from the application of the force in question (i.e. prediction of the m-value of the protein in osmolyte). Metric 2 requires prediction of the experimentally determined ability of the osmolyte to contract or expand the Stokes radius of the denatured state resulting from the application of the force. These metrics are applied to test separate claims that solvophobicity/solvophilicity and surface tension are driving forces for osmolyte-induced effects on protein stability. The results show clearly that solvophobic/solvophilic forces readily account for protein stability and denatured state dimensional effects, while surface tension alone fails to do so. The agreement between experimental and predicted m-values involves both positive and negative m-values for three different proteins, and as many as six different osmolytes, illustrating that the tests are robust and discriminating. The ability of the two metrics to distinguish which forces account for the effects of osmolytes on protein properties and which do not, provides a powerful means of investigating the origins of osmolyte-protein effects.     

Gamma irradiation and cellular damage in Kocuria rosea: investigation by one- and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the radiation-induced effects on Kocuria rosea. Bacterial suspensions at the stationary phase were exposed to increasing doses of gamma radiation. In the region 1350-840cm(-1), assigned to phosphodiester backbone, nucleic acids, and sugar rings, the radical damaging effects were dose-dependent, with the first threshold at 2.75kGy and the second at 13.75kGy inducing more striking spectral variations. Postirradiation reincubation did not significantly affect the biomolecular response, except in the spectral range 1100-1000cm(-1). These observations suggest the occurrence of new phylogenetic characteristics for K. rosea following irradiation. Moreover, two-dimensional analysis was used to highlight correlated evolutions of molecular species as radical aggression increased. The results point to an evolutionary scheme during the time course of irradiation. Thus, one- and two-dimensional IR analyses are convenient means of investigating the metabolic events following oxidative stress generated by either chemical or physical agents.     

RNAi knock-downs support roles for the mucin-like (AeIMUC1) gene and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) gene in Aedes aegypti susceptibility to Plasmodium gallinaceum

The mosquito midgut represents the first barrier encountered by the Plasmodium parasite (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae) when it is ingested in blood from an infected vertebrate. Previous studies identified the Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) mucin-like (AeIMUC1) and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) genes as midgut-expressed candidate genes influencing susceptibility to infection by Plasmodium gallinaceum (Brumpt). We used RNA inference (RNAi) by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) injections to examine ookinete survival to the oocyst stage following individual gene knock-downs. Double-stranded RNA gene knock-downs were performed 3 days prior to P. gallinaceum infection and oocyst development was evaluated at 7 days post-infection. Mean numbers of parasites developing to the oocyst stage were significantly reduced by 52.3% in dsAeIMUC1-injected females and by 36.5% in dsSDR-injected females compared with females injected with a dsβ-gal control. The prevalence of infection was significantly reduced in dsAeIMUC1- and dsSDR-injected females compared with females injected with dsβ-gal; these reductions resulted in a two- and three-fold increase in the number of uninfected individuals, respectively. Overall, these results suggest that both AeIMUC1 and SDR play a role in Ae. aegypti vector competence to P. gallinaceum.     

Factors affecting the transformation of Escherichia coli strain chi1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA.

The susceptibility of E. coli strain chi1776 to transformation by pBR322 plasmid DNA was examined and optimized. Maximum transformation to tetracycline (Tc) resistance was achieved when cells were harvested from L broth at 5.0--6.0 . 10(7) cfu/ml, followed by washing twice in cold 0.1 M NaCl + 5 mM MgCl2 + 5 mM Tris, pH 7.6. Cells grown in the presence of D-cycloserine (Cyc) rather than nalidixic acid (Nx) transformed markedly better. The presence of 5 mM Mg2+ ions in washing and CaCl2 solutions stimulated transformation about 2-fold. Optimal conditions for transformation included a pH range of 7.25-7.75 and a cell-to-DNA ratio of about 1.6 . 10(8) cfu/ng plasmid DNA. The frequency of transformation was highest when cells were exposed to 100 mM CaCl2 in 250 mM KCl + 5 mM MgCl2 + 5 mM Tris, pH 7.6, before mixing with DNA. A 60 min incubation period for cell + DNA mixtures held on ice produced the maximum number of Tcr transformants. In our hands, heat shocks at 37 degrees C or 42 degrees C for various times all decreased transformation to about one-half of optimal levels. Furthermore, the recovery of transformants was best when cell + DNA mixtures were plated on precooled (4 degrees C) Tc agar plates. The efficiency of plating was optimum when only 5 microliter of cell + DNA mixture was spread per plate, suggesting that non-viable background chi1776 cells on selective medium inhibited the recovery of transformants. It was also found that the presence of linear DNA molecules in cell + DNA mixtures markedly inhibited the transformation of chi1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA. On the basis of these findings, a new procedure for the plasmid-specific transformation of E. coli chi1776 by pBR322 plasmid DNA is proposed. The use of this technique has allowed us to attain transformation frequencies in excess of 10(7) transformants/microgram pBR322 plasmid DNA.     

利用自裂解多肽T2A在牛耳皮肤成纤维细胞中实现多基因共同表达

目的:探讨利用自裂解多肽2A构建的多顺反子载体能否在牛耳皮肤成纤维细胞中实现多基因的有效表达。方法:利用来自一点褐翅蛾病毒(TaV)的2A元件(T2A)将GFP和Neo基因连接到同一载体中,构建pCMV-GFP-T2A-Neo质粒,将其转染牛耳皮肤成纤维细胞,以FACS检测GFP基因的表达,RT-qPCR检测GFP、T2A和Neo的表达。结果:由T2A连接的GFP和Neo基因在mRNA水平上都有显著表达,且表达水平相当。结论:以T2A连接的基因在转入细胞后能正常翻译和表达,显示T2A在牛耳皮肤成纤维细胞中具有自裂解功能,可作为一种构建多顺反子载体的有效工具用于牛耳皮肤成纤维细胞的基因转移,为其将来在转基因牛研制中的应用奠定了基础。     

小鼠Smad6基因RNAi慢病毒载体的构建与鉴定

构建小鼠Smad6基因RNA干扰（RNAi）慢病毒载体,有效沉默骨髓树突状细胞（BMDC）的Smad6基因表达,为构建骨髓致耐受DC用于哮喘等自身免疫疾病的研究。设计小鼠Smad6 shRNA序列,合成、退火,得到双链DNA,与经酶切后的Psih1-H1-copGFP shRNA Vector载体连接产生LV-shSmad6慢病毒载体,并测序鉴定。转染293TN细胞,包装产生慢病毒,测定滴度。感染小鼠骨髓树突细胞,检测Smad6基因的表达状况成功构建Smad6 shRNA的慢病毒载体LV-shSmad6。包装慢病毒,并显著抑制Smad6 mRNA水平及蛋白水平的表达。成功构建出小鼠Smad6基因shR-NA慢病毒载体,为后期研究Smad6基因在哮喘发病机制及新治疗方法提供了稳定的转染细胞载体。     

帽儿山地区落叶松人工林CO2通量特征及对林分碳收支的影响

2008年,采用涡度协方差法测定了黑龙江省尚志市帽儿山地区落叶松人工林的CO₂通量,并于生长季(5—10月)不同月份测定了落叶松叶片光合日变化.结果表明: 不同时间段环境因子变化对落叶松人工林净生态系统交换量的影响存在差异,下午(12:00—24:00) 的净生态系统交换量对其饱和蒸汽压亏缺的变化反应较上午(0:00—12:00)迟钝;上午光能利用效率为0.6284 mol·mol^-1,是下午的1.14倍;随温度上升,上午净生态系统交换量的增幅是下午的1.5倍(气温>15 ℃).这种差异使落叶松林净碳交换量的88%在上午完成,而下午仅完成净碳交换量的12％;上、下午生态系统生产力分别占全天的60%和40%,上午叶片的光合能力为下午的3倍.落叶松人工林全年净生态系统交换量在263～264 g C·m^-2,生态系统呼吸在718～725 g C·m^-2,总初级生产力在981～989 g C·m^-2.     

大鼠食管胸段，腹段乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性神经的配布

大鼠食管胸段和腹段壁内乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性神经存在于神经束和分支的粗细神经纤维内,也见于外膜丛,肌间丛,粘膜下丛和粘膜肌内。食管肌层内ＡＣｈＥ阳性神经纤维多而密集,而食管腹段肌内尤为丰富,肌间神经纤维末梢分布于肌束表面,可能与控制肌纤维活动有关;分布于肌内,粘膜下层和上皮基部的ＡＣｈＥ阳性神经中,尚含有内脏感觉神经纤维。食管壁的肌间丛和粘膜下丛内散在有多极形和卵园形的ＡＣｈＥ阳性神经元,在食管腹段内数多,而以中小型神经元为主。