16O2/18O2 analysis of oxygen exchange in Dunaliella tertiolecta. Evidence for the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in the light

A mass spectrometric ¹⁶O₂/¹⁸O₂-isotope technique was used to analyse the rates of gross O₂ evolution, net O₂ evolution and gross O₂ uptake in relation to photon fluence rate by Dunaliella tertiolecta adapted to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 M NaCl at 25°C and pH 7.0.At concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon saturating for photosynthesis (200 M) gross O₂ evolution and net O₂ evolution increased with increasing salinity as well as with photon fluence rate. Light compensation was also enhanced with increased salinities. Light saturation of net O₂ evolution was reached at about 1000 mol m^-2s^-1 for all salt concentrations tested. Gross O₂ uptake in the light was increased in relation to the NaCl concentration but it was decreased with increasing photon fluence rate for almost all salinities, although an enhanced flow of light generated electrons was simultaneously observed. In addition, a comparison between gross O₂ uptake at 1000 mol photons m^-2s^-1, dark respiration before illumination and immediately after darkening of each experiment showed that gross O₂ uptake in the light paralleled but was lower than mitochondrial O₂ consumption in the dark.From these results it is suggested that O₂ uptake by Dunaliella tertiolecta in the light is mainly influenced by mitochondrial O₂ uptake. Therefore, it appears that the light dependent inhibition of gross O₂ uptake is caused by a reduction in mitochondrial O₂ consumption by light.Abbreviations DCMU 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea - DHAP dihydroxy-acetonephosphate - DIC dissolved inorganic carbon - DR_a rate of dark respiration immediately after illumination - DR_b rate of dark respiration before illumination - E₀ rate of gross oxygen evolution in the light - NET rate of net oxygen evolution in the light - PFR photon fluence rate - RubP rubulose-1,5-bisphosphate - SHAM salicyl hydroxamic acid - U₀ rate of gross oxygen uptake in the light     

Soil processes and sulfate loss at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest

The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study was designed to evaluate element flux and cycling in a northern hardwood forest and the effects of disturbance on these processes. In the original experiment, an entire watershed was deforested and regrowth was inhibited for three years using herbicides. Initial effects of the treatment included: elevated stream discharge, large increases in streamwater solute concentrations and elevated losses of those ions from the watershed. In contrast, streamwater concentrations and net ecosystem output of sulfate decreased in response to the treatment. During the post treatment period, the concentrations of most dissolved ions declined relative to a reference watershed while, again in contrast, sulfate concentrations increased relative to the reference. In this paper we develop a hypothesis which links acidification and sulfate adsorption processes in the soil to explain the observed trends in sulfate losses from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest.     

Oxygen exchange during growth of photomixotrophic cell suspensions of Euphorbia characias L.

Growth of photomixotrophic cell culture of Euphorbia characias L. is described; oxygen exchange rates were measured along this growth cycle using a mass-spectrometric technique. During the exponential and mid-stationary phases, photosynthesis was strongly increasing, the major part of oxygen uptake in the light was due to mitochondrial respiration. In the late stationary phase, gross photosynthesis was decreasing; this could not be explained by an alteration of Rubisco because photorespiratory process could be observed; in addition the Mehler reaction must be called upon to explain whole oxygen uptake in the light.     

A flow-through respirometer for leaf chewing insects

A respirometer is described that operates with a flowing gas stream. The respirometer is based on the use of two differential gas analyzers in series, a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer and a diaferometer that can be applied with low rates of airflow (1500–300 ml/h). Techniques for drying the gas stream and calibration and the consecutive steps in calculating the respiration rate are given in detail. The respirometer makes it possible to measure continuously the respiration rate of undisturbed, actively feeding caterpillars of Pieris brassicae L. (Pieridae: Lepidoptera) during their complete final instar, involving a net growth from 100 to 400 mg fresh body weights in a 90 h period. Caterpillar respiration (l O₂/individual/h) showed a certain time pattern in the course of the final instar, which differed from the pattern in the weight-specific rate (l O₂/mg fresh weight/h). Maximum rates were considerably lower on an artificial diet than on leaf material of a host plant, Brassica oleracea L. Both an alternative artificial diet containing a lower protein level and an alternative host plant affected both the time pattern in respiration rate and total respiration over the instar. The coefficient of variation in rate of carbon dioxide production between individuals varied between 1.8 and 6.3%. Intraindividual variation was less than 3%. Differences between closed-vessel respirometry and the flow-through system presented are discussed.

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Résumé La respiration des insectes a généralement été mesurée dans des systèmes à récipient clos comme l'appareil de Gilson, parfois équipés pour un apport électronique d'oxygène. Le respiromètre décrit dans cet article fonctionne avec un écoulement de gaz. II est basé sur l'utilisation de 2 analyseurs différentiels de gaz montés en série et d'un diaféromètre qui peut être employé avec des flux faibles (1.500–3.000 ml/h). Des détails sont fournis sur les techniques utilisées pour assécher le courant de gaz et le calibrer, et impliquées par les étapes ultérieures du calcul du taux de respiration. Le respiromètre rend possible la mesure en continu de la respiration de chenilles de Pieris brassicae (Lep.: Pieridae), pendant l'alimentation et sans les perturber. La respiration des derniers stades a été enregistrée pendant 90 heures, pendant lesquelles la croissance nette s'est traduite par une augmentation du poids frais de 100 mg à 400 mg. La respiration des chenilles (l O₂/individu/h) présente une structuration temporelle au cours du dernier stade, montrant une croissance régulière pendant les 50 premières heures du stade, suivie d'une stabilisation pendant 10–15 h, avec ensuite une rapide diminution jusqu'à la nymphose.Le respiromètre a été utilisé pour examiner les effets éventuels de l'alimentation sur la respiration. Les taux maximaux sont nettement plus bas sur alimentation artificielle que sur feuilles de Brassica oleracea L. Le temps nécessaire pour obtenir la nymphose était plus long en alimentation artificielle. Dans des expériences particulières, un régime alimentaire artificiel alterné contenant une faible teneur en protéines et une plante différente ont été fournis à un groupe de chenilles, et comparé aux résultats d'un groupe témoin ayant eu accès au régimé artificiel examiné pendant leur développement jusqu'au dernier stade. Le régime alterné affecte aussi bien la structure temporelle de la respiration que la respiration totale pendant le stade. Le quotient respiratoire a oscillé entre 0,90 et 1,15 et a été fortement affecté par le type de régime alimentaire. Le taux de respiration en fonction du poids (l O₂/mg poids frais/h) a atteint un maximum (2,15 fois la valeur initiale) après 15 h dans les groupes alimentés sur plante, tandis qu'avec le régime artificiel standard, le maximum (1,45) n'a été atteint qu'après 53 h. Après obtention du maximum, la biomasse est devenue, en considération du poids, métaboliquement moins active.Le coefficient de variation du taux de production de CO₂ entre individus s'est situé entre 1,8 et 6,3%. La variation intraindividuelle était inférieure à 3%. En associant les observations de comportement aux mesures individuelles de respiration des chenilles, on a constaté que le taux maximal de respiration était invariablement précédé par une prise d'aliment ayant cessé 5 à 6 minutes avant. La discussion a porté sur la comparaison du système à écoulement avec la respirométrie en récipient clos.

     

Modulation of mammalian sperm motility by quercetin

The flavonoid quercetin inhibits collective motility of ejaculated ram spermatozoa in the first 2 hr of incubation; during the next 3-4 hr motility is stimulated. To explain this interesting effect, we followed the influence of quercetin on sperm glycolysis, extracellular pH, ATP content, mitochondrial respiration, and lipid peroxidation. The collective motility of untreated cells is decreased to about 40% of the original motility during two hours of incubation. During this time, the rate of glycolysis is constant, respiration rate is increasing, there is no change in ATP content, the rate of lipid peroxidation is very slow, and the extracellular pH became very acidic (pH 5.5). It is concluded that motility is decreased due to this acidification. This acidification is prevented to some extent by quercetin, which indirectly inhibits glycolysis. Quercetin inhibits motility due to the inhibition of the plasma membrane calcium pump, as we showed previously (Breitbart et al., J Biol Chem 260:11548-11553, 1985). The motility of untreated cells is arrested after 3.5 hr of incubation, whereas quercetin-treated cells show high motility, which continues for additional 2-3 hr. After 3.5 hr, the control cells show no glycolytic activity, ATP content and respiration rates are decreased, and rate of lipid peroxidation is highly increased. At this time, quercetin-treated cells show no glycolytic activity, only a small decrease in ATP content and respiratory rate, and a very low rate of lipid peroxidation. Based on these data it is concluded that sperm motility after 3.5 hr of incubation is dependent mainly on mitochondrial respiration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

荔枝果实的氰不敏感呼吸

荔枝果实果皮和果肉的匀浆或组织的呼吸受KCN,SHAM和PG的抑制。KCN对呼吸的抑制达12％～58％。有KCN时,受SHAM抑制的呼吸为4％～29％。氰不敏感呼吸比率与果实成熟度有关,未熟绿果比半熟果和成熟果的高。乙烯利诱导成熟前果实呼吸增高但减少氰不敏感呼吸比率。DNP对绿果的总呼吸及氰不敏感呼吸均有轻微刺激作用,但对成熟果只明显刺激总呼吸率。     

14C-metabolism during callus induction in tobacco

Tobacco pith-phloem explants and callus were incubated in ¹⁴C-glucose, ¹⁴C-acetate or ¹⁴C-bicarbonate on different days in culture in the dark. ¹⁴CO₂ production and ¹⁴C incorporation into ethanol-insoluble components were generally greater in the subcultured callus than in the pith-phloem explants during days 0 to 5 in culture. Greatest radioactivity from all substrates was in the ethanol-soluble portion, which was further fractionated into lipids, amino acids, sugars and organic acids. Although incorporation into the different fractions varied with the substrate, the patterns of labelling were relatively similar in the two tissues. The greater wound metabolism in the subcultured callus in comparison to the pith-phloem explant during the induction phase of callus formation was correlated with the earlier visible initiation of cell proliferation in the subcultured tissue.     

甘肃黄花烟草愈伤组织抗氰呼吸的研究

根据呼吸抑制剂试验和氧肟酸滴定法测定结果表明,甘肃黄花烟草愈伤组织呼吸中有明显的抗氰交替途径运行,平均占总呼吸的31%;但仍以细胞色素途径为主,平均占总呼吸的46%;还有23%不受 KCN 加 m-CLAM 抑制的未知剩余呼吸。改变培养基的激素成分和浓度,在不引起愈伤组织发生明显分化条件下,愈伤组织的生长和呼吸速率虽有不同,但抗氰交替途径和细胞色素途径对总呼吸的相对贡献程度和二者的变化趋势基本一致。     

Cycling of soil carbon in a Japanese red pine forest I. Before a clear-felling

Cycling of soil carbon was measured synthetically and quantitatively throughout a year in two Japanese red pine forest stands on mid- and foot-slopes at Mt. Takao, Hiroshima Prefecture, west Japan. There was no distinct difference of soil temperature along the slopes, but the soil water content was higher on the foot-slope than on the midslope. The carbon flow (litterfall, soil respiration, etc.) rates were larger on the foot-slope than on the mid-slope, but there was no significant difference of the accumulation of soil carbon (A₀ layer or human in mineral soil) between the areas. The results of the analysis of soil carbon cycling based on a compartment model show that the relative decomposition rate of A₀ layer and humaus in mineral soil increased 1.4–1.5 fold from the mid- to the foot-slopes, corresponding to the soil moisture condition. The relative decomposition rate of A₀ layer was, however, about one-third of that in a evergreen oak forest. This fact suggests that the great resistance of needle litter to decomposition is one of the main limiting factors of the cycling of soil carbon and prevents the fertilization of mineral soil in the pine forest, which was also proven by the simulation of dynamics of soil carbon cycling.     

家兔蓝斑复合核区微量注入去甲肾上腺素能激动剂和拮抗剂对呼吸和血压的效应

于麻醉家兔脑桥蓝斑复合核(LC)区微量注入去甲肾上腺素溶液(0.1mol,1或2μl),引起肺通气量增加和动脉血压升高。上、下丘间全离断脑干或横断中脑被盖及其背侧结构,不能消除此效应。LC 区同一点施加电刺激引起相同效应。LC 区注入α-受体阻断剂酚妥拉明(0.1mol,2μl)、妥拉苏林(0.1mol,2μl)或 α-受体激动剂氯压啶(0.02mol或0.1mol,2μl),使肺通气量明显减少,而对血压影响不大。本结果提示LC及附近被盖区的去甲肾上腺素能传人纤维可通过 α-受体调制该区的植物性机能。