中国古代在认识和保护生物多样性方面的贡献

中国古代的先人们经过长期劳动实践和调查研究,很早就对生物物种、生态环境及遗传的多样性有了较多认识,并记述在浩如烟海的典籍中。他们还通过发展农牧业、合理利用和管理生物资源以及建立各种形式的保护地和园林等,为保护生物多样性作出了巨大贡献。     

Aluminum in lake water and organs of a fish Tribolodon hakonensis in strongly acidic lakes with a high aluminum concentration

Aluminum in lake water and in the organs of the fish Tribolodon hakonensis was investigated in Lake Usoriko (pH 3.6), Lake Inawashiroko (pH 5.0), and the Tenryu River (pH 7.7). The concentration of total soluble aluminum in the water was 0.51 mg l⁻¹ in Usoriko, 0.05 mg l⁻¹ in Inawashiroko, and less than 0.01 mg l⁻¹ in the Tenryu. The chemical forms of soluble aluminum in the acid water were characterized as Al³⁺, AlL²⁺, and AlL^≦1+. More than 90% of soluble aluminum in the water of Usoriko was Al³⁺, whereas AlL²⁺ was dominant in the water of Inawashiroko. The aluminum concentration in the organs of T. hakonensis in Usoriko was 42 μg g⁻¹ wet weight in gills, 4.2 μg g⁻¹ in muscle, 6.9 μg g⁻¹ in bone, 12.7 μg g⁻¹ in liver, 6.0 μg g⁻¹ in kidney, and 6.0 μg g⁻¹ in intestine, indicating accumulation of aluminum in the gills. The aluminum concentration in the organs of T. hakonensis living in Inawashiroko was approximately the same, in spite of the difference in water chemistry of the two acid lakes, especially for pH and aluminum. This suggests that aluminum accumulation might be controlled in the fish living in the acid lakes. In contrast, the aluminum concentration in the gills of T. hakonensis from the Tenryu was 2 μg g⁻¹. Received: May 20, 1999 / Accepted: December 10, 1999     

芸苔属植物CAL基因的结构特征与花球的形态遗传

Cauliflower curd is composed structurally of a number of shortened shoots on which there are tremendous amount of naked apical meristems. The authors isolated four pure lines of different curd types from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) accessions: smooth curd (curd-s), haired curd (curd-h), crystal curd (curd-c) and thorned curd (curd-t). BobCAL genes was cloned separately from each pure line by PCR amplification and a termination mutation from AAG to TAG was found in the fifth exon of all four sequences, whereas DNA sequences of 638 bp upstream of the stop codons were identical, demonstrating that BobCAL is not the sole regulator of flower buds and cauline on curd. After crosses of cauliflower with cabbage (B.oleracea var. capitata) or broccoli (B.oleracea var. italica), the resultant F1 plants failed to form curd and had the diversity of inflorescence which implicates the relatedness of CAL to other regulators. One homologous gene of CAL, BcpCAL was isolated from Chinese cabbage (B.campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) and it was found not to have the termination mutation in the fifth exon, and thus the structure of BcpCAL gene was analyzed. The results offer molecular and genetic evidence for the study of biological function of CAL and morphological genetics of curd.     

Molecular Markers of Ph1 Gene in Chinese Spring and Development of Winter Wheat New Line Harboring ph1b Gene

he genomic DNA of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) “Chinese Spring” (CS) and its ph1b mutant were analyzed by using 19 sequence tagged site PCR (STS-PCR) primers, which derived from RFLP probes from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chromosome 5H. One marker was identified on wheat chromosome 5BL, which is 5.7 cM (centiMorgan) proximal to Ph1 gene, using the CS homoeologous group 5 nullisomic-tetrasomic, ditelosomic 5BL line and an F2 population from CS×ph1b mutant. This linked PCR marker was converted into a more specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. To obtain a new winter wheat line containing ph1b gene, the authors used a nullisomic 5B line of “Abbodanza”as a bridge parent and crossed respectively with the CS ph1b mutant (donor) and a winter wheat variety, “Jing 411” (recipient). The meiotic chromosome pairing was checked in the progeny of each cross, as well as using the marker-assistant selection of the SCAR marker identified for ph1b gene. After three inter-crossing and one selfing, a relatively stable ph1b substitution line of winter wheat with “Jing 411” background was obtained.     

AFLP Analysis of Genetic Variation and Structure of Natural Populations of Quercus senescens

The population variation and structure of 115 plants representing 8 populations of Quercus senescens Hand. Mazz. were investigated by amplification fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis.Using TFPGA software,94 polymorphic phenotypic patterns (752%) was obtained using 2 AFLP primer combinations and it was found that genetic variation of different population was negatively correlated with altitudes.Analysis of the genetic structure of populations carried out using analysis of molecular variation (by Arliquin 2000 software),It showed that there was a high significant population differentiation (φst=02956).And neighbour joining dendragram also be constructed based on 2 primer combinations by PAUP software.     

橄榄幼树嫁接成活及长势调查研究

调查不同品种、嫁接方法、接穗贮藏时间、接穗老熟度、嫁接天气状况等因素对橄榄幼树嫁接成活率和生长势的影响。结果表明,橄榄幼树嫁接应选晴天,采1~2年生枝在2d内接完,腹接和嵌接方式互有优劣,不同品种嫁接效果差异很大。     

普者黑岩溶湖泊湿地湖滨带景观格局演变对水质的影响

湖滨带作为湖泊与陆地之间的过渡带,是健康湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分。湖滨带景观格局的演变会对湿地水质产生重要影响,因此探究影响岩溶湿地水质变化的湖滨带关键景观因子,对深入了解景观格局对岩溶湿地水质的影响过程与机制具有重要意义。选择普者黑岩溶湖泊湿地为研究对象,以2005、2007、2009、2011年共4年的Landsat遥感影像及水质监测数据为基础,通过划定湖泊湿地湖滨带缓冲区域,运用秩相关分析和冗余分析研究湖滨带景观格局对普者黑岩溶湖泊湿地水质的影响。结果表明,湖滨带不同缓冲区内景观结构类型比例差异较大;枯水期水质与土地利用类型和景观格局指数的影响大于丰水期;景观格局在不同缓冲区尺度对岩溶湿地的水质具有不同的效应;随着监测点缓冲距离的增加,个别景观指数可较好的揭示湖滨带景观格局演变对岩溶湿地水质的影响,其中,蔓延度指数(CONTAG)、斑块结合度指数(COHSION)、均匀度指数(SHEI)对水质参数的影响较大,边界密度(ED)、聚集度(AI)对水质参数的影响随缓冲距离的增加逐渐减弱,其他景观指数对水质影响差异并不明显,最大斑块指数(LPI)在缓冲距离≤300m的区域内与水质的关系较密切,面积加权平均斑块分维数(AWMPFD)与水质参数有显著负相关性,多样性指数(SHDI)对水质的影响具有不确定性;另外,大部分水质参数与土地利用面积比例有较好的相关性,且湿地面积比例是表征岩溶湖泊湿地水环境质量的主要指标。     

安徽黟县次生灌丛和灌草丛生产力的研究

本文对地处中亚热带安徽黟县的次生灌丛和灌草丛以及常绿阔叶幼林的地上部分生产力进行了测定。结果表明：黟县常绿阔叶幼林、次生灌丛和灌草丛的地上部分净生产力分别为11.94,6.84和3.80(t/ha·a),次生灌丛和灌草丛的生产力较低,对亚热带优越的水热资源利用不充分。所调查的九个样地的地上部分生物量和净生产力可回归成线性方程ŷ＝4.27+0.15x,净生产力随着生物量的增加而增加,即群落所处的演替阶段越高,净生产力越大,所以利用处于较高演替阶段的植被,会得到更多的收获。