2016年动物胃肠道微生物组研究十大亮点成果

动物胃肠道微生物对生产性能提高具有重要的作用,因此营养、微生物组与生产表型的互作研究已经成为国际研究热点。综述了2016年动物胃肠道微生物组学研究取得的十项重要成果,这些成果通过组学方法,研究了瘤胃纤维分解菌和尿素分解菌的功能基因多样性,揭示了微生物群落与日粮营养素、宿主基因型、环境的互作关系,阐明了反刍动物生产表型相关的瘤胃微生物种类和功能;首次构建猪肠道微生物组参考基因集,解析猪全肠道黏膜微生物组成,阐明了猪增重相关肠道微生物种类。这十大亮点成果将为国内动物营养学家开展动物胃肠道微生物组学研究提供参考。     

麻楝果实化学成分及其抗烟草青枯病菌活性的研究

为研究麻楝(Chukrasia tabularis)的化学成分,采用色谱法从麻楝果实乙醇提取物中分离得到15个化合物,利用波谱学方法鉴定其结构分别为:没食子酸甲酯(1)、没食子酸乙酯(2)、没食子酸(3)、ozoroalide(4)、stigmast-4-en-6β-ol-3-one(5)、黄柏呈(6)、chukranin A(7)、chisopanin M(8)、21α,24α-methylmelianodiol(9)、toonaciliatin K(10)、21α,25-dimethylmelianodiol(11)、odoratone(12)、bourjotinolone A(13)、hispidone(14)和phragmalin di-isobutyrate(15)。化合物4~14为首次从麻楝属植物中分离得到。采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法对单体化合物进行抗烟草青枯病菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)的活性研究,结果表明化合物1、2和3具有中等拮抗活性。     

神湾菠萝夏季果与秋季果香气成分差异性分析

以'神湾'菠萝夏季果和秋季果为材料,采用顶空固相微萃取法(HS-SPME),提取果实中的香气成分,并经气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联机分析.结果表明,夏季果中检测出5类共21种香气成分,分别为酯类、烯类、酸类、醇类和酮类,其中酯类11种,相对含量为92.03%,含量最高的为己酸甲酯(44.91%);烯类6种,相对含量为3.99%;酸类、醇类和酮类分别检测出2种、1种和1种,其相对含量分别为0.72%、0.37%和0.22%.在秋季果中仅检测出2类共8种香气成分,其中酯类7种,总相对含量为92.11%,含量最高的为己酸甲酯(68.36%);烯类物质1种,相对含量为7.89%.     

Chemical and sensory characteristics of the fruits of eight cultivars of field grown tomato

The physical and sensory characteristics of tomato fruits (cf. Gajc-Wolska et al.: Physical and sensory characteristics of the fruits …, this issue) were supplemented by total sugars and titratable acid analysis and flavor. The instrumental and sensory methods were highly statistically correlated. Comparison of cultivars always requires that physical and chemical analysis of tomato fruit quality should always include results of sensory evaluation.     

Spatial and temporal variation in butterfly biodiversity in a West African forest: lessons for establishing efficient rapid monitoring programmes

Because tropical forests face serious threats and are usually situated in developing countries, cheap and easy Rapid Biodiversity Assessment (RBA) seems an ideal strategy for documenting changes in habitat quality and setting conservation priorities. Fruit‐feeding butterflies are often used as focal taxa to document biodiversity trends in tropical forests. However, the choice of inappropriate sampling strategies may nullify its value. More extensive data sets that sample multiple months and seasons and incorporate the vertical dimension are needed as a baseline for designing reliable sampling regimes. Therefore, we performed a butterfly trapping study in Ghana, using both understorey and canopy traps, and sampling seven periods covering dry and wet seasons. Both individual numbers and species richness were on average three to four times higher in the understorey than in the canopy traps with strikingly different species composition (only 11% overlap in species). The number of species and individual abundance recorded in a month varied extensively. This study underlined the importance of taking into account temporal variation and vertical stratification when designing RBAs of fruit‐feeding butterflies in West African forests. We recommend the use of both understorey and canopy traps and inclusion of both ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ seasons into RBA sampling regimes.     

Morphometrics of speciating mole rats: Adaptive differentiation in ecological speciation

The morphometrics of subterranean mole rats, Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies in Israel, were studied. A total of 42 skull and body variables of 327 adults from 44 populations across the ranges of the 4 chromosomal species (2n = 52, 54, 58 and 60) were measured. The results showed: a. in general, significantly higher morphological values in males than in females; b. significant interspecific quantitative diffferences in 15 skull variables of males, and in 3 of females; but no qualitative diagnosis of any of the species; c. an intercorrelation between most skull variables at different orgamsmal levels, and a uniform and complete correlation with weight; d. a statistical discrimination in both metric and nonmetric multivariate analyses between most species pairs; e. an indication of high morphological similarity based on the relatively small multivariate Mahalanobis distances of dissimilarity between species; f. a possible explanation for a significant part of the variance in most skull and body variables resulting from a combination of temperature variables and water availability; g. a declination in size in skull and body variables between northern and southern species; h. the order of speciation events to be 2n = (54, 52)→58→60. Based on these results we conclude: 1. no morphological breaks are associated with the speciation of the S. ehrenbergi complex, and morphological differentiation is quantitative rather than qualitative between the species: 2. morphological diversity is significantly explained by climatic selection, and is therefore adaptive and explicable on even very low selective pressures over evolutionary time: 3. the morphospecies seem unable to reliably reflect the biological species in the S. ehrenbergi complex, and morphological differentiation, at least in this superspecies, evolves in a gradual rather than a punctual way: this would conform with Neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory.     

猕猴桃优良株系果实生长发育规律研究

猕猴桃果实生长发育过程可分为三个时期。(1)迅速增长期:中华猕猴桃大约从4月中旬至6月上旬;美味猕猴桃大约从4月底或5月初至6月中下旬。(2)缓慢增长期:中华猕猴桃约自6月上旬至7月下旬;美味猕猴桃自6月下旬至7月下旬。(3)停滞增长期:中华猕猴桃从7月下旬至8月底或9月初;美味猕猴桃自8月上旬至9月上中旬。 中华猕猴桃优株果实可溶性固形物含量增长过程可分为四个阶段:(1)微升增长阶段,持续时间5周左右;(2)活跃增长阶段,持续2周左右;(3)迅速增长阶段,持续2周左右;(4)渐缓增长阶段。美味猕猴桃优株及绿果猕猴桃果实固形物含量增大变化的阶段性不明显。     

三七植物各部位的研究和开发利用

本文报道了对三七根、绒根、根茎、茎叶、花蕾,果实,果梗等的化学成分研究;皂甙提取分离方法;皂甙及黄酮类成分的生理活性及新药开发利用等的研究概况。     

Protective effect of Zizyphus lotus jujube fruits against cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in mice

Context: Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used worldwide in agriculture, home pest control. The toxicity of CYP is well studied in many organisms.

Objective: The aim of present study was to investigate the protective effect of Zizyphus lotus (Zizyp) fruit against neurotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by CYP in mice.

Materials and methods: Mice were divided into four groups of six each: groups I and II were used as control and CYP control (20?mg/kg body weight). While, groups III was orally treated with Zizyphus lotus fruit (5?g/kg body weight) plus CYP (20?mg/kg body weight) for 18?days. Furthermore, HPLC–ESI–MS–MS (Q-Tof) and GC–MS were used to identify the compounds fraction.

Results: Antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT), neurotoxicity enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)_, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined in the liver, kidney and heart. CYP caused decreased CAT activity, inhibition of AChE activity and increased the levels of H₂O₂ and MDA in heart, liver and kidney.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that Zizyp fruit is markedly effective in protecting mice against CYP-induced biochemical changes. This protection may be due to its antioxidant property and scavenging ability against active free radicals.     

Attenuation of UV radiation by plant cuticles from woody species

Transmittance spectra of isolated plant cuticles were measured in the wavelength range from 270 to 600 nm. The cuticles were enzymatically isolated from the leaves of 27 species (26 evergreen or deciduous woody, one succulent herbaceous) and from four species of fruits. With the exception of subtropical and tropical species all plants were cultivated in the field. The cuticles of the species studied strongly attenuated ultraviolet (UV) radiation at wavelengths < 400 nm while they were practically translucent in the visible range. Relatively broad transmittance minima occurred at wavelengths from 280 to 320 nm (UV-B). Spectral transmittances at 300 nm ranged from 0.004 (Ilex aquifolium) to 0.50 (Prunus avium) for leaf cuticles and from 0.00023 (Cydonia oblonga) to 0.005 (Mains domestica) for fruit cuticles. The constitutive UV protection by cuticular pigments may be supplemented, to varying degrees, by pigments located in the epidermal cell wall and protoplast. Thus, it is concluded that only a small fraction of incident UV-B radiation may actually reach the sensitive tissues of the leaves of non-herbaceous species and of fruits.