Chrysanthemum: advances in tissue culture, cryopreservation, postharvest technology, genetics and transgenic biotechnology

Members of the Chrysanthemum-complex include important floricultural (cut-flower) and ornamental (pot and garden) crops, as well as plants of culinary, medicinal and (ethno)pharmacological interest. The last 35 years have seen a tremendous emphasis on their in vitro tissue culture and micropropagation, while the latter 10–15 years has seen a surge in transformation experiments, all aimed at ameliorating aesthetic and growth characteristics of the plants. This review highlights all available literature that exists on ornamental Chrysanthemum in vitro cell, tissue and organ culture, micropropagation and transformation.     

Metabolic engineering of the astaxanthin-biosynthetic pathway of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

This review describes the different approaches that have been used to manipulate and improve carotenoid production in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. The red yeast X. dendrorhous (formerly known as Phaffia rhodozyma) is one of the microbiological production systems for natural astaxanthin. Astaxanthin is applied in food and feed industry and can be used as a nutraceutical because of its strong antioxidant properties. However, the production levels of astaxanthin in wild-type isolates are rather low. To increase the astaxanthin content in X. dendrorhous, cultivation protocols have been optimized and astaxanthin-hyperproducing mutants have been obtained by screening of classically mutagenized X. dendrorhous strains. The knowledge about the regulation of carotenogenesis in X. dendrorhous is still limited in comparison to that in other carotenogenic fungi. The X. dendrorhous carotenogenic genes have been cloned and a X. dendrorhous transformation system has been developed. These tools allowed the directed genetic modification of the astaxanthin pathway in X. dendrorhous. The crtYB gene, encoding the bifunctional enzyme phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase, was inactivated by insertion of a vector by single and double cross-over events, indicating that it is possible to generate specific carotenoid-biosynthetic mutants. Additionally, overexpression of crtYB resulted in the accumulation of beta-carotene and echinone, which indicates that the oxygenation reactions are rate-limiting in these recombinant strains. Furthermore, overexpression of the phytoene desaturase-encoding gene (crtI) showed an increase in monocyclic carotenoids such as torulene and HDCO (3-hydroxy-3',4'-didehydro-beta,-psi-carotene-4-one) and a decrease in bicyclic carotenoids such as echinone, beta-carotene and astaxanthin.     

枫香叶片变色期全长转录组测序及分析

枫香因其树形优美,入秋后叶色红艳或橙黄,极具观赏价值,是优良的景观生态树种。为了解枫香叶片变色及其次级代谢过程的遗传基础,该文以枫香5个叶片变色期叶片混合样品为材料,利用单分子实时测序技术(PacBio平台)对其进行全长转录组测序。结果表明:(1)全长转录组测序共获得41.04 Gb的高质量数据,从中鉴定出全长非嵌合序列563 180条,通过聚类和去冗余,获得27 269条高质量全长转录本。在27 269条全长转录本中预测到2 035条长链非编码RNA(lncRNA),并检测出14 892个简单重复序列(SSR)位点和1 856个转录因子。(2)基因注释结果表明,NR、GO、COG、KEGG 等8个数据库共注释了24 857条转录本,KEGG数据库共获得了124个条代谢途径,主要有核糖体、碳代谢、氨基酸生物合成等,在类黄酮和叶绿素代谢途径中分别有49和71个转录本参与。上述结果初步揭示了枫香叶片变色期转录组信息以及功能特性,为后续研究枫香叶片变色分子机制、色素代谢合成途径和调控、相关功能基因克隆以及叶色改良提供基础数据。     

Minimal sample requirement for highly multiplexed protein quantification in cell lines and tissues by PCT‐SWATH mass spectrometry

The amount of sample available for clinical and biological proteomic research is often limited and thus significantly restricts clinical and translational research. Recently, we have integrated pressure cycling technology (PCT) assisted sample preparation and SWATH‐MS to perform reproducible proteomic quantification of biopsy‐level tissue samples. Here, we further evaluated the minimal sample requirement of the PCT‐SWATH method using various types of samples, including cultured cells (HeLa, K562, and U251, 500 000 to 50 000 cells) and tissue samples (mouse liver, heart, brain, and human kidney, 3–0.2 mg). The data show that as few as 50 000 human cells and 0.2–0.5 mg of wet mouse and human tissues produced peptide samples sufficient for multiple SWATH‐MS analyses at optimal sample load applied to the system. Generally, the reproducibility of the method increased with decreasing tissue sample amounts. The SWATH maps acquired from peptides derived from samples of varying sizes were essentially identical based on the number, type, and quantity of identified peptides. In conclusion, we determined the minimal sample required for optimal PCT‐SWATH analyses, and found smaller sample size achieved higher quantitative accuracy.     

LAMP-LFD技术及其在生物快检方面应用

LAMP-LFD技术是环介导横温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification)与横向流动试纸条(Lateral flow dipstick)相结合的一种新颖的检测技术,该技术将核酸横温扩增和可视化试纸条检测有机地结合。环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP),只需要在恒温(60℃~65℃)条件下保温几十分钟,即可将所需目的基因扩增到109水平。横向流动试纸条(LFD),融合了免疫层析技术和分子生物学手段,能在纸条上形成有颜色的检测线从而可以特异性地检测出该目标产物。环介导横温扩增技术(LAMP)与横向流动试纸条(LFD)相互结合的技术,使LAMP扩增产物现场检测可视化,检测结果明显直观,通过肉眼即可辨认,并具有高特异性、高灵敏度、简便、安全及成本低的特点,一度引起科研工作者的广泛关注。综述了环介导横温扩增方法与横向流动试纸条相结合(LAMP-LFD)技术的原理、优势、及其在生物快速检测方面的应用等,并指出了LAMP-LFD技术目前存在的不足以及展望。     

抑癌基因PTEN转基因小鼠的构建及表型初步分析

目的:构建抑癌基因PTEN(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten)的转基因小鼠模型并对其表型进行初步分析。方法:细菌人工染色体(BAC)载体系统构建打靶载体创建PTEN转基因小鼠模型;利用对鼠尾DNA进行PCR检测的方法对出生的F0代小鼠进行基因型鉴定,将阳性F_0代小鼠与野生型小鼠交配繁殖筛选稳定遗传的转基因系。分离并培养小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(mouse embryo fibroblast,MEF),利用Western blotting检测比较转基因阳性小鼠与同窝野生型小鼠MEF细胞中PTEN的蛋白表达水平,并通过克隆形成实验对比PTEN转基因小鼠与野生型小鼠MEF细胞的增殖能力;取成年小鼠主要组织器官提取蛋白,Western blotting检测PTEN转基因小鼠主要组织的PTEN蛋白表达情况;从小鼠出生后第三周开始统计、分析并制作小鼠的体重生长曲线;此外,还对比了PTEN转基因小鼠与野生型小鼠肺、肝、脾脏的细胞大小与腹腔内的脂肪含量。结论:PTEN转基因小鼠能够存活并稳定遗传;Western blotting结果表明,不论在胚胎期还是成年期,PTEN转基因小鼠体内的PTEN蛋白水平均高于同窝的野生型小鼠,转基因小鼠的PTEN表达水平接近野生型水平的3倍;对PTEN转基因小鼠的整体表型进行初步分析,发现Pten基因在体内过表达后,小鼠的体型显著变小,而细胞大小不变;腹腔内的脂肪含量显著减少。结论:成功构建了PTEN转基因小鼠模型,并获得了生理条件下PTEN过表达的原代细胞系,为研究抑癌基因PTEN的体内生理功能提供了重要的动物模型。     

两种高危型HPV检测技术诊断宫颈病变的临床价值比较

目的:比较酶切信号放大法(Cervista)与导流杂交基因芯片技术(Hybri Ma)检测高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(HR-HPV)诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变2级或2级以上(CIN2+)的临床价值。方法:随机选择288例2012年3月至2013年1月在哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院妇科门诊进行新柏氏液基细胞学检查的年龄在20~65岁的宫颈细胞学检测未明确意义的不典型鳞状细胞(ASCUS)的患者,采用Cervista技术与Hybri Ma技术进行高危型HPV检测,并对入组的患者行阴道镜下宫颈活组织检查。以病理学诊断结果为金标准,比较Cervista技术与Hybri Ma技术诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变2级或2级以上(CIN2+)的敏感度、特异度及ROC曲线。结果:在入组的288例患者中,Cervista技术和Hybri Ma技术检出高危型HPV的阳性率分别为49.31%和51.39%(P0.05),其诊断CIN2+的敏感度分别为95.65%和91.30%(P0.05),特异度分别为59.50%和56.20%(P0.05),阳性预计值分别为30.99%和28.38%(P0.05),阴性预计值分别为98.63%和97.14%(P0.05)。两组ROC曲线下面积分别为0.776和0.738(P0.05)。结论:Cervista技术与Hybri Ma技术诊断CIN2+的临床价值相当。     

Structural insights and biomedical potential of IgNAR scaffolds from sharks

In addition to antibodies with the classical composition of heavy and light chains, the adaptive immune repertoire of sharks also includes a heavy-chain only isotype, where antigen binding is mediated exclusively by a small and highly stable domain, referred to as vNAR. In recent years, due to their high affinity and specificity combined with their small size, high physicochemical stability and low-cost of production, vNAR fragments have evolved as promising target-binding scaffolds that can be tailor-made for applications in medicine and biotechnology. This review highlights the structural features of vNAR molecules, addresses aspects of their generation using immunization or in vitro high throughput screening methods and provides examples of therapeutic, diagnostic and other biotechnological applications.     

不同温度条件下香水文心兰花香气的成分分析及感官评定

Flower aromatic components and their relative contents of Oncidium Sharry Baby ‘Sweet Fragrance ’ at full flowering stage under conditions of 10 ℃, 20 ℃ and 30 ℃ were analyzed by solid phase micro-extr...