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排序方式: 共有442条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
为了研究强抗逆植物沙冬青Am NAC3转录因子基因在抗旱性和抗寒性中的功能,首先利用半定量RT-PCR方法对该基因进行了表达分析。结果表明,在室内培养的沙冬青幼苗中,Am NAC3有一定量的基础表达,在干旱胁迫下其转录水平明显上调,而在低温胁迫下其表达上调较弱。然后利用5'RACE技术获得该基因的5'端序列及全长cDNA序列,并利用RT-PCR方法克隆到其全长编码区(846bp)。将编码区片段构建到植物表达载体上,利用农杆菌介导法获得转基因拟南芥。进一步分析表明,转基因拟南芥对于干旱和低温胁迫的抗性表型与野生型无明显差异,但其离体叶片的失水率和气孔开度均大于野生型。此外,转基因幼苗中气孔开闭相关基因ABI1和ABI2的表达量降低。这些结果表明,Am NAC3可能主要在响应干旱胁迫和调节气孔开闭及叶片保水性中发挥功能,而在抵抗低温胁迫中无明显作用。 相似文献
32.
This study, aimed at elucidating changes in the foliar and cambial behavior in Azadirachta indica (Neem tree) due to coal-smoke pollution, has revealed inhibitory effects of pollution stress on leaf pigments concentrations, nitrate reductase activity and the contents of reducing sugars and total N content, whereas stimulatory effects were given on stomatal index and nitrate and sulphur contents. Under smoke effects, stomatal conductance was low, leading to a drop in the net photosynthetic rate and a rise in the internal CO2 concentration of leaf. Cambial reactivation in the stem was delayed at the polluted site. Although the total span of the cambial activity was reduced, greater amount of wood was observed to accumulate in the stem axis under heavy pollution stress. Vessel proportion in the wood increased, whereas size of vessel elements and xylem fibers decreased. “Vulnerability factor” (ratio between mean vessel diameter and mean vessel abundance) and “mesomorphic ratio” (multiplication product of vulnerability factor and mean length of vessel element) of the stem–wood, both declined with increase in the pollution stress, thus indicating a tendency of the species for shifting towards xeromorphy when grown under stress. Given the opposite trends of photosynthetic rate and wood increment, the carbon-partitioning pattern rather than the photosynthetic rate seems to have influenced the accumulation of new wood. The Neem tree proves to be suitable for growing in the polluted areas. 相似文献
33.
The contribution of changes in stomatal conductance and metabolism in determining heterogeneous photosynthesis inhibition
during dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA) feeding was investigated using detached leaves of Rosa rubiginosa L. The steady-state and maximal rates of electron transport under a transient high CO2 concentration were monitored using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. The decrease in electron transport rate induced by dehydration
and ABA treatment almost reverted to the control rate under transient high CO2 availability. Therefore, inhibition of photosynthesis was mainly mediated through stomatal closure. However, since reversion
was not complete, a metabolic inhibition was also identified as a decrease in the maximal electron transport rate driven by
carboxylation. Under dehydration or ABA feeding, as under low ambient CO2 treatment, in 21% or 0.4% O2, the lower the steady-state electron transport was, the lower was the maximal electron transport rate during transient high
CO2 availability. We conclude that low CO2 availability reduced the capacity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) to drive electron transport.
The potential contribution of Rubisco deactivation mediated by stomatal closure is discussed.
Received: 1 February 1999 / Accepted: 15 June 1999 相似文献
34.
Although rainforests of eastern Australia grow in regions of high precipitation, there is a shift from a summer dry season in the temperate south to a winter dry season in the tropical north. Therefore, rainforest trees of eastern Australia provide an opportunity to investigate stomatal sensitivity of mesic trees to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) along a gradient in seasonality of precipitation. Eight rainforest canopy tree species were selected to cover the latitudinal range of rainforests in eastern Australia. Seedlings of these species were grown for a year in glasshouses under ambient conditions or at low VPD and water vapour exchange of leaves was measured during summer. Tropical species, which experience summer-dominant precipitation, showed higher stomatal sensitivities to VPD than temperate species, which experience winter-dominant precipitation. Growing plants under a low VPD increased stomatal sensitivity to increasing VPD in most species. The high stomatal sensitivity to VPD of the tropical species is consistent with the infrequent water stress experienced during their growing season and suggests a high susceptibility to water deficits. In contrast, temperate species may use other mechanisms to maintain photosynthesis under the relatively drier conditions of the temperate growing season. 相似文献
35.
Johan?UddlingEmail author H?kan?Pleijel Per?Erik?Karlsson 《Trees - Structure and Function》2004,18(6):686-695
Leaf diffusive conductance for water (gl) and twig xylem pressure (xt) was measured in juvenile silver birch, Betula pendula, under field conditions in southern Sweden. Data from one site were used to parameterise two different multiplicative models for gl (dependent data), and measurements from another site were used to validate these models (independent data). In addition, experiments were performed in controlled environments to validate the gl response functions used in the models. The driving variables in the D-model were photosynthetic photon flux density, air temperature and water vapour pressure deficit of the air (Da), while the DH-model also included the accumulated hours after sunrise each day with Da above a certain threshold (H). Both models satisfactorily predicted the variation in gl in dependent as well as in independent data, and the gl response functions used were supported by the experiments in controlled environments. The DH-model was more successful in predicting gl than the D-model by accounting for the observation that gl was lower at higher H under similar weather conditions. There was a considerable variation in maximum gl during the season, as well as between the two sites. On relatively warm and dry days xt rapidly declined during the morning and then stabilized around a constant value until the late afternoon, with the stomatal regulation effectively preventing xt from decreasing below this value. We suggest that these models could be used to simulate the gl in juvenile birch if maximum gl is locally estimated and if the response functions are not extrapolated beyond the climate range for this study. 相似文献
36.
Krissada?Sangsing Poonpipope?Kasemsap Sornprach?Thanisawanyangkura Kumut?Sangkhasila Eric?Gohet Philippe?Thaler Hervé?CochardEmail author 《Trees - Structure and Function》2004,18(2):109-114
Vulnerability to water-stress-induced embolism of stems, petioles, and leaf midribs was evaluated for two rubber clones (RRIM600 and RRIT251). The xylem conduits were relatively vulnerable to cavitation with 50% of embolism measured for xylem pressures between –1 and –2 MPa. This feature can be related to the tropical-humid origin of the species. A distinct basipetal gradient of vulnerability was found, leaf midribs being the least vulnerable. Substantial variation in vulnerability to cavitation was found between the two clones only at the petiole level. A correlation was found between the stomatal behavior and the development of cavitation. Stomata were nearly closed when the xylem pressure reached the point of xylem dysfunction. Stomata may thus contribute to controlling the risk of cavitation. However, for one clone a poor correlation was found between stomatal regulation and petiole vulnerability. This was consistent with a high degree of embolism measured in the petioles after a soil drought event. Therefore, xylem cavitation might represent a promising criterion to evaluate the performance of rubber clones under drought conditions. 相似文献
37.
Santiago LS Goldstein G Meinzer FC Fisher JB Machado K Woodruff D Jones T 《Oecologia》2004,140(4):543-550
We investigated how water transport capacity, wood density and wood anatomy were related to leaf photosynthetic traits in two lowland forests in Panama. Leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (kL) of upper branches was positively correlated with maximum rates of net CO2 assimilation per unit leaf area (Aarea) and stomatal conductance (gs) across 20 species of canopy trees. Maximum kL showed stronger correlation with Aarea than initial kL suggesting that allocation to photosynthetic potential is proportional to maximum water transport capacity. Terminal branch kL was negatively correlated with Aarea/gs and positively correlated with photosynthesis per unit N, indicating a trade-off of efficient use of water against efficient use of N in photosynthesis as water transport efficiency varied. Specific hydraulic conductivity calculated from xylem anatomical characteristics (ktheoretical) was positively related to Aarea and kL, consistent with relationships among physiological measurements. Branch wood density was negatively correlated with wood water storage at saturation, kL, Aarea, net CO2 assimilation per unit leaf mass (Amass), and minimum leaf water potential measured on covered leaves, suggesting that wood density constrains physiological function to specific operating ranges. Kinetic and static indices of branch water transport capacity thus exhibit considerable co-ordination with allocation to potential carbon gain. Our results indicate that understanding tree hydraulic architecture provides added insights to comparisons of leaf level measurements among species, and links photosynthetic allocation patterns with branch hydraulic processes. 相似文献
38.
We enriched in CO2 the canopy of 14 broad-leaved trees in a species-rich, ca. 30-m-tall forest in NW Switzerland to test whether elevated CO2 reduces water use in mature forest trees. Measurements of sap flux density (JS) were made prior to CO2 enrichment (summer 2000) and throughout the first whole growing season of CO2 exposure (2001) using the constant heat-flow technique. The short-term responses of sap flux to brief (1.5–3 h) interruptions of CO2 enrichment were also examined. There were no significant a priori differences in morphological and physiological traits between trees which were later exposed to elevated CO2 (n=14) and trees later used as controls (n=19). Over the entire growing season, CO2 enrichment resulted in an average 10.7% reduction in mean daily JS across all species compared to control trees. Responses were most pronounced in Carpinus, Acer, Prunus and Tilia, smaller in Quercus and close to zero in Fagus trees. The JS of treated trees significantly increased by 7% upon transient exposure to ambient CO2 concentrations at noon. Hence, responses of the different species were, in the short term, similar in magnitude to those observed over the whole season (though opposite because of the reversed treatment). The reductions in mean JS of CO2-enriched trees were high (22%) under conditions of low evaporative demand (vapour pressure deficit, VPD <5 hPa) and small (2%) when mean daily VPD was greater than 10 hPa. During a relatively dry period, the effect of elevated CO2 on JS even appeared to be reversed. These results suggest that daily water savings by CO2-enriched trees may have accumulated to a significantly improved water status by the time when control trees were short of soil moisture. Our data indicate that the magnitude of CO2 effects on stand transpiration will depend on rainfall regimes and the relative abundance of the different species, being more pronounced under humid conditions and in stands dominated by species such as Carpinus and negligible in mono-specific Fagus forests. 相似文献
39.
Arid and semi-arid ecosystems of the southwestern US are undergoing changes in vegetation composition and are predicted to
experience shifts in climate. To understand implications of these current and predicted changes, we conducted a precipitation
manipulation experiment on the Santa Rita Experimental Range in southeastern Arizona. The objectives of our study were to
determine how soil surface and seasonal timing of rainfall events mediate the dynamics of leaf-level photosynthesis and plant
water status of a native and non-native grass species in response to precipitation pulse events. We followed a simulated precipitation
event (pulse) that occurred prior to the onset of the North American monsoon (in June) and at the peak of the monsoon (in
August) for 2002 and 2003. We measured responses of pre-dawn water potential, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance
of native (Heteropogon contortus) and non-native (Eragrostis lehmanniana) C4 bunchgrasses on sandy and clay-rich soil surfaces. Soil surface did not always amplify differences in plant response to a
pulse event. A June pulse event lead to an increase in plant water status and photosynthesis. Whereas the August pulse did
not lead to an increase in plant water status and photosynthesis, due to favorable soil moisture conditions facilitating high
plant performance during this period. E. lehmanniana did not demonstrate heightened photosynthetic performance over the native species in response to pulses across both soil
surfaces. Overall accumulated leaf-level CO2 response to a pulse event was dependent on antecedent soil moisture during the August pulse event, but not during the June
pulse event. This work highlights the need to understand how desert species respond to pulse events across contrasting soil
surfaces in water-limited systems that are predicted to experience changes in climate. 相似文献
40.
Nitric oxide inhibits blue light-specific stomatal opening via abscisic acid signaling pathways in Vicia guard cells 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Recent evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) acts as an intermediate of ABA signal transduction for stomatal closure. However, NO's effect on stomatal opening is poorly understood even though both opening and closing activities determine stomatal aperture. Here we show that NO inhibits stomatal opening specific to blue light, thereby stimulating stomatal closure. NO inhibited blue light-specific stomatal opening but not red light-induced opening. NO inhibited both blue light-induced H(+) pumping and H(+)-ATPase phosphorylation. The NO scavenger 2-carboxyphenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO) restored all these inhibitory effects. ABA and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) inhibited all of these blue light-specific responses in a manner similar to NO. c-PTIO partially restored the ABA-induced inhibition of all of these opening responses but did not restore inhibition of the responses by H(2)O(2). ABA, H(2)O(2) and NO had slight inhibitory effects on the phosphorylation of phototropins, which are blue light receptors in guard cells. NO inhibited neither fusicoccin-induced H(+) pumping in guard cells nor H(+) transport by H(+)-ATPase in the isolated membranes. From these results, we conclude that both NO and H(2)O(2) inhibit blue light-induced activation of H(+)-ATPase by inhibiting the component(s) between phototropins and H(+)-ATPase in guard cells and stimulate stomatal closure by ABA. 相似文献