不同来源的肾综合征出血热病毒对Vero细胞的致病变作用

前文报道,肾综合征出血热病毒76-118株能使Vero细胞产生病变。本文报道76-118株和另11株不同来源的肾综合征出血热病毒(H537、A9、H5、R178、HB55、R22、Z10,沟3、L99、A16和J10)对Vero细胞的致病变作用(CPE )。其中除沟3株外,大部分毒株在感染Vero细胞后的第一代即可见明显的CPE。CPE的特点与76-118株相似,主要是感染细胞粘聚、融合,形成网状结构。CPE能被特异性抗HFRS病毒血清和型特异性单克隆抗体所中和抑制,但不能被特异性抗呼肠孤病毒Ⅲ型免疫血清所中和抑制。HFRS病毒对Vero细胞的致病变作用,对进一步研究HFRS病毒的某些生物学特性及实验方法等均有重要意义。     

人源性流行性出血热病毒的形态特征

本文报道流行性出血热病毒(汉坦病毒)H-114株的电镜形态。发现形态发生以内质网膜和胞浆膜芽生为主。病毒颗粒为圆形或卵圆形。具有双层膜结构,大小为90～120nm。提出了汉坦病毒形态发生的理论观点。     

肾综合征出血热病毒糖蛋白的提纯和鉴定

以感染肾综合征出血热病毒(HFRSV)的Vero E6细胞为材料,用免疫亲和层析结合制备聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)从感染细胞中提纯了HFRSV两种糖蛋白。先用免疫亲和层析从感染细胞的粗制抗原中获得含有四种蛋白的混合液,用[~3H]-氨基葡萄糖在感染细胞中标记病毒糖蛋白,观察到[~3H]-氨基葡萄糖只结合入78K和57K的病毒蛋白。再用制备SDS-PAGE从HFRSV混合液中提纯78K和57K两种蛋白。实验证明这两种糖蛋白均具中和抗原决定簇,57K的糖蛋白尚具血凝活性,初步鉴定表明这两种糖蛋白相当于文献报道的HFRSV G_1和G_2。     

Group composition in wild and commensal hamadryas baboons: A comparative study in Saudi Arabia

Papio hamadryas was surveyed throughout its range in Saudi Arabia and was observed at altitudes ranging from 0 to 2300 m. Wild populations occur along the whole range of altitude, while commensal populations are only found above 850 m altitude. No variation in group size was found with altitude. Comparison of wild and commensal populations showed the following. (1) Their composition in terms of age and sex classes, overall adult sex ratios, and group size does not significantly differ. (2) Groups of both populations include, in similar proportions, three types of parties: one-male units (>70%), two-male units (>13%), and a few other units of variable composition. (3) The mean size of commensal parties is significantly larger than in the wild population; specifically one-male units are larger in the commensal population due to a larger number of females per male. Thus, female distribution in commensal groups is more inequitable than that in wild groups. (4) Finally, the number of females included in two-male units increases with altitude. These differences are discussed in terms of food availability and predator pressure and are compared with results obtained on other Arabian and Ethiopian populations.     

On the relationship between evolutionary and psychological definitions of altruism and selfishness

I examine the relationship between evolutionary definitions of altruism that are based on fitness effects and psychological definitions that are based on the motives of the actor. I show that evolutionary altruism can be motivated by proximate mechanisms that are psychologically either altruistic or selfish. I also show that evolutionary definitions do rely upon motives as a metaphor in which the outcome of natural selection is compared to the decisions of a psychologically selfish (or altruistic) individual. Ignoring the precise nature of both psychological and evolutionary definitions has obscured many important issues, including the biological roots of psychological altruism.     

Siberian species of the riihimakiensis-group in the genusChironomus (Diptera,Chironomidae). 1. Karyotypes and morphology

Karyotypes and morphology of three species with close relations toC. riihimakiensis Wülker 1971 are described from material of Tuva and Altai in Siberia. Only one of them could be reared to the male adult and was namedC. tuvanicus n.sp.     

Specific binding of sulphated polymers to ram sperm proacrosin

Sulphated polysaccharides and zona pellucida glycoproteins have been shown to bind non-enzymatically to proacrosin, the protein found within the acrosomal vesicle of mammalian spermatozoa. The mechanism of this interaction has been investigated using ¹²⁵I-fucoidan to probe purified ram sperm proacrosin. Results show that (a) binding of' ¹²⁵I-fucoidan to proacrosin is inhibited only by sulphated polymers and (b) recognition is mediated by poly(sulphate) groups and is largely independent of the composition of the polymer chain. It is suggested that a similar mechanism is responsible for the interaction between proacrosin and zona pellueida glycoproteins during the early stages of fertilization in mammals and this process mediates firm binding of spermatozoa to the egg.     

Cultural transmission and the evolution of cooperative behavior

Sociobiological theory predicts that humans should not cooperate with large groups of unrelated individuals. This prediction is based on genetic models that show that selection acting on variation between large unrelated groups will generally be much weaker than selection acting on variation between individuals. Recently, several authors have presented related models of human evolution that integrate cultural and genetic transmission of behavior. We show that in such models group selection is potentially a strong force. Data on ethnocentrism is examined in the context of these results.