枯草杆菌的芽胞在肉鸡肠道中的生活状态和分布

目的探讨枯草芽胞杆菌的芽胞在肉鸡肠道中的生活状态和分布。方法以20日龄AA肉鸡为研究对象,饲喂枯草芽胞菌剂,分别测定鸡粪中芽胞数量和鸡肠道不同部位的活菌数量。结果饲喂3h后,鸡粪中开始检测到芽胞的存在,24h达到最高值,直至饲喂120h后,肠道内的芽胞基本排除。排出芽胞总量为饲喂芽胞总数的3．0倍左右,同时研究还表明：芽胞在实验肉鸡的十二指肠2内开始萌发,并进行了繁殖,在小肠的后端,即小肠3和小肠4,活菌数量达到高峰。结论部分芽胞进入小肠后即可开始萌发,并进行生长繁殖,而且在肠道内有短暂滞留。     

The effects of meteorological factors on airborne fungal spore concentration in two areas differing in urbanisation level

Although fungal spores are an ever-present component of the atmosphere throughout the year, their concentration oscillates widely. This work aims to establish correlations between fungal spore concentrations in Porto and Amares and meteorological data. The seasonal distribution of fungal spores was studied continuously (2005–2007) using volumetric spore traps. To determine the effect of meteorological factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) on spore concentration, the Spearman rank correlation test was used. In both locations, the most abundant fungal spores were Cladosporium, Agaricus, Agrocybe, Alternaria and Aspergillus/Penicillium, the highest concentrations being found during summer and autumn. In the present study, with the exception of Coprinus and Pleospora, spore concentrations were higher in the rural area than in the urban location. Among the selected spore types, spring-autumn spores (Coprinus, Didymella, Leptosphaeria and Pleospora) exhibited negative correlations with temperature and positive correlations both with relative humidity and rainfall level. On the contrary, late spring-early summer (Smuts) and summer spores (Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Ganoderma, Stemphylium and Ustilago) exhibited positive correlations with temperature and negative correlations both with relative humidity and rainfall level. Rust, a frequent spore type during summer, had a positive correlation with temperature. Aspergillus/Penicillium, showed no correlation with the meteorological factors analysed. This knowledge can be useful for agriculture, allowing more efficient and reliable application of pesticides, and for human health, by improving the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory allergic disease.     

Reproduction and dispersal in aquatic hyphomycetes

The conidia of aquatic hyphomycetes were discovered by C.T. Ingold some 60 years ago. They are typically multiradiate or sigmoid, relatively fragile, and produced in enormous numbers. Their main function seems to be the rapid colonization of a periodic superabundance of leaves common in most streams. Conidia are unlikely to survive adverse conditions and to be responsible for the apparently worldwide distribution of many aquatic hyphomycete species. It has repeatedly been suggested that meiospores are responsible for long-distance dispersal; however, to date, only some 10% of described species have been connected to a teleomorph. To determine additional connections, and to document the potential role of meiospores in long-distance dispersal of aquatic hyphomycetes, the application of modern molecular methods is essential.     

药用植物乌蕨配子体发育的观察

药用植物乌蕨(Stenoloma chusanum(L.)Ching)配子体发育周期短而迅速,是一种研究蕨类配子体世代的生理生态和分子生物学等特征的理想试验材料.本文采用原生境腐殖土培养方法对乌蕨的孢子进行人工培养,观察并记录其孢子萌发和配子体发育的过程.结果表明:乌蕨孢子呈黄色,单裂缝,二面体形;孢子萌发为书带蕨型(Vittaria-type).丝状体4～6个细胞,有时具二叉分枝.片状体为长楔形,达6～8个细胞宽.成熟的原叶体为对称心形,裸露,发育为槲蕨型(Drynaria-type),并且具备一定的营养繁殖能力.原叶体上的假根为单细胞且不含叶绿体.精子器为盖裂开放,颈卵器短而直立.利用孢子培养的方法对乌蕨种苗进行人工繁殖,将为保护性开发利用这一重要药用资源奠定基础.     

中国西南地区水龙骨属植物(水龙骨科)孢子形态研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对水龙骨属(PolypodiodesCh ing)植物11种(包括1变种)的孢子进行了观察和比较研究。其中,大部分种为首次报道。水龙骨属植物的孢子单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或超半圆形,表面具疣状纹饰,多不具周壁。对光茎水龙骨(P.wattii)和日本水龙骨(P.niponica)、栗柄水龙骨(P.m icrorhizoma)与篦齿蕨(M etapolypodium manm eiense)亲缘关系进行了讨论,为该属植物的系统分类提供了孢粉学方面的证据。根据水龙骨属植物孢粉形态上的证据,水龙骨属植物是一个自然的分类群,赞成秦仁昌1978分类系统的分类处理。     

Live-cell imaging of conidial fusion in the bean pathogen, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Fusion of conidia and conidial germlings by means of conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs) is a common phenomenon in filamentous fungi, including many plant pathogens. It has a number of different roles, and has been speculated to facilitate parasexual recombination and horizontal gene transfer between species. The bean pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum naturally undergoes CAT fusion on the host surface and within asexual fruiting bodies in anthracnose lesions on its host. It has not been previously possible to analyze the whole process of CAT fusion in this or any other pathogen using live-cell imaging techniques. Here we report the development of a robust protocol for doing this with C. lindemuthianum in vitro. The percentage of conidial germination and CAT fusion was found to be dependent on culture age, media and the fungal strain used. Increased CAT fusion was correlated with reduced germ tube formation. We show time-lapse imaging of the whole process of CAT fusion in C. lindemuthianum for the first time and monitored nuclear migration through fused CATs using nuclei labelled with GFP. CAT fusion in this pathogen was found to exhibit significant differences to that in the model system Neurospora crassa. In contrast to N. crassa, CAT fusion in C. lindemuthianum is inhibited by nutrients (it only occurs in water) and the process takes considerably longer.     

‘早籽银桂’大小孢子发育与花器形态变化

为了解桂花两性株孢子发育和花器形态的关系,对早籽银桂(Osmanthus fragrans‘Zao Zi Yin’)大小孢子发育过程和花器外部形态进行了观察。。结果表明,圆珠期花芽突然膨大时,小孢子母细胞减数分裂启动,至花芽顶壳期进入四分体时期,四分体多数呈四面体型,少数呈十字交叉型,也有介于二者之间的排列方式;柃梗期时小孢子发育至单核靠边期;香眼期至盛花期形成二细胞型花粉并发育成熟;花药长度由0.3 mm增加至1 mm,颜色由无色透明变为鲜黄色。雌蕊柱头二裂,子房2室,每室2胚珠,胚珠横生,单珠被,薄珠心,珠柄不明显。二细胞花粉时期,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成大孢子,至盛花期胚囊发育为成熟的8核蓼型胚囊。雄蕊发育早于雌蕊,花开后雌、雄蕊趋于同熟。大小孢子细胞学发育时期与花器形态建成密切相关,根据花器形态特征可判断大小孢子发育时期。     

Pollen morphology of the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey

Pollen grains of 30 taxa of the genus Salvia, belonging to sections Salvia, Horminum, Drymosphace, Plethiosphace and Hemisphace from Turkey were examined by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Detailed pollen morphological characteristics are provided for these taxa. Among the studied taxa, S. verticillata subsp. verticillata from sect. Hemisphace has the smallest pollen grains, and S. pachystachys from sect. Salvia possesses the largest ones. The basic shape of the pollen grains in most taxa is suboblate, oblate-spheroidal or prolate-spheroidal. However subprolate pollen grains are recorded for S. macrochlamys from sect. Salvia. The grains are hexacolpate in all taxa, but in S. recognita from sect. Salvia also octacolpate pollen was found. Three distinct exine sculpturing types exist, reticulate-perforate (the common type), reticulate-granulate and bireticulate. The reticulate-perforate and bireticulate sculpturing patterns can be divided into subtypes based on the number of perforations and the number of secondary lumina in each primary lumen. Pollen morphological characteristics of the taxa studied are compared and discussed on the basis of taxonomical concepts. In some cases, these characters are useful in distinguishing the sections. For instance, the presence of 1-2 large central secondary lumina per primary lumen is a significant character of sect. Horminum separating it from the other sections. As well, the presence of holes on colpus membrane ornamentation can be used as a diagnostic taxonomic character for sectional division between sect. Hemisphace and others. S. ballsiana from sect. Salvia is clearly distinct from the other taxa examined by its unique pollen morphology. Further, for several macromorphologically similar taxa pollen structures provide additional evidence to delimite them from each other.     

The effect of growth medium on B. anthracis Sterne spore carbohydrate content

The expressed characteristics of biothreat agents may be impacted by variations in the culture environment, including growth medium formulation. The carbohydrate composition of B. anthracis spores has been well studied, particularly for the exosporium, which is the outermost spore structure. The carbohydrate composition of the exosporium has been demonstrated to be distinct from the vegetative form containing unique monosaccharides. We have investigated the carbohydrate composition of B. anthracis Sterne spores produced using four different medium types formulated with different sources of medium components. The amount of rhamnose, 3-O-methyl rhamnose and galactosamine was found to vary significantly between spores cultured using different medium formulations. The relative abundance of these monosaccharides compared to other monosaccharides such as mannosamine was also found to vary with medium type. Specific medium components were also found to impact the carbohydrate profile. Xylose has not been previously described in B. anthracis spores but was detected at low levels in two media. This may represent residual material from the brewery yeast extract used to formulate these two media. These results illustrate the utility of this method to capture the impact of growth medium on carbohydrate variation in spores. Detecting carbohydrate profiles in B. anthracis evidentiary material may provide useful forensic information on the growth medium used for sporulation.