Detection of mitogen induced stimulation of leukocytes from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by flow cytometric analysis of intracellular calcium

Flow cytometric analysis of the forward/side light scatter (FSC/SSC) of density gradient-separated head kidney cells of the rainbow trout revealed three distinctly separated populations, which we defined as population 1, 2 and 3. In spleen cells, populations 1 and 2 were also found, whereas population 3 was not detected. Further characterization regarding the surface Ig (sIg) revealed that population 2 of the head kidney and spleen contained 37.4 and 34.4% sIg⁺-cells, respectively. Incubation of the head kidney and spleen cells with different concentrations of concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and [PWM] induced a pronounced intracellular calcium increase only in cells of population 2. This reaction was concentration dependent and caused by a release of intracellular Ca²⁺-stores. FMLP, a chemotactic peptide, had no effect on intracellular calcium response in all three populations. Similarly, the stimulation with PMA had no effect. This indicates that population 2 of the head kidney as well as the spleen is characterized by a high forward and low side light scatter and contains both subpopulation of lymphocytes, B- and T-cells. We demonstrated that the analysis of intracellular calcium increase due to mitogens is a suitable approach to identify lymphocytes in fish and enables further functional studies in these cells.     

脾虚证IBS模型WHBE兔血浆环核苷酸水平的变化

目的观察脾虚型肠易激综合征（IBS）模型WHBE兔环核苷酸水平的变化。方法取WHBE兔和日本大耳白兔各18只,分别随机分成两组,即正常对照组6只,模型对照组12只,采用湿热应激加灌服番泻叶煎剂的方法造成脾虚证肠易激综合征（tBs）免模型,其中模型对照组造模后处理6只,剩余兔自然恢复10d,观察实验兔的血浆环核苷酸水平的变化。结果与正常对照组比较,WHBE兔模型对照组血浆cAMP和cGMP水平均显著升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,且自然恢复10d后血浆cAMP和cGMP水平仍高于正常对照组（P〈O．05,P〈O．01）;日本大耳白兔模型对照组造模后及自然恢复10d后血浆cAMP和cGMP水平略有所升高,但差异均不显著（P〉O．05）;且模型对照组和自然恢复组cAMP／cGMP比值均略低于正常对照组,但差异不显著（P〉O．05）。结论本实验脾虚证IBS模型兔的血浆环核苷酸水平随阴阳盛衰而变化,具有双重特点：既有阴虚特点,又有阳虚特点,且WHBE兔更适合于脾虚证IBS模型研究理想的实验动物。     

Trichinella spiralis: changes caused in the mouse's thymic, splenic, and lymph node cell populations.

Infections with the nematode Trichinella spiralis induce unresponsiveness in mice. A study was made to determine whether suppression could be due to a deficiency in the cells responsible for the immunological response. Mice were given low or moderate infections and were killed 7, 14, 28, or 56 days after inoculation; spleen macrophages and leucocytes, θ cells, and Con A- and LPS-sensitive cells were determined in the thymus, spleen, and the mesenteric and axillary lymph nodes. Spleen macrophages are diminished throughout the course of the infection, reaching significantly low levels on the 14th day. The thymus loses, whereas the spleen and the axillary node gain, cells bearing the θ antigen. In spite of the increase in leucocytes and θ cells in the secondary lymphoid tissue, the cells of these organs are insensitive to the blastogenic action of Con A in the heavier infections. In lower infections, however, spleen cells show an enhanced response to Con A and LPS; mesenteric cells, on the other hand, show an early enhanced susceptibility to LPS and a reduced susceptibility to Con A and, in the later phases of parasitism, an enhanced Con A and a reduced LPS susceptibility. It is suggested that these phenomena contribute to the immunosuppression phenomena which are characteristic of T. spiralis infections.     

结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠的脾脏和肺脏组织荷菌量与病理变化

目的分析结核急性感染小鼠脾脏和肺脏的组织荷菌量以及病理的动态变化。方法以3×105CFU结核分枝杆菌标准株H37Rv尾静脉途径感染雌性C57BL/6J小鼠,测定感染后1 d、1周、2周、3周、4周、6周和8周肺脏及脾脏组织的荷菌量,脾脏和肺脏组织经HE染色分析病理变化。结果感染动物的脾脏荷菌量在前3周逐步提高,在4～8周脾脏荷菌量维持稳定,肺脏组织在2～8周组织荷菌量逐步升高。病理分析显示动物感染3周后肺脏和脾脏出现肉芽肿,在6～8周病理损伤加重。结论小鼠经尾静脉感染高剂量结核分枝杆菌在8周前表现为急性感染状态,适用于抗结核药物的体内药效学评价。     

Immune-complex-trapping cells in the spleen of the oriental fire-bellied toad,Bombina orientalis

Summary The spleen of the oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis, consists of well-developed white pulp, separated from the lymphocytic marginal zone by the connective tissue boundary layer. Injection of peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-peroxidase revealed that these immune complexes were localized on the surface of acid-phosphatase-positive and non-specific-esterasepositive cells in the white pulp. The majority of immunecomplex-trapping cells were present around the blood vessels. Cell processes of some of these cells penetrated into the wall of blood vessels. The significance of the present findings is discussed with respect to the evolution of immune-complex-trapping cells in the spleen.     

Farnesyltransferase inhibitor improved survival following endotoxin challenge in mice

Endotoxemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and is accompanied by dysregulated apoptosis of immune and non-immune cells. Treatment with statins reduces mortality in rodent models of sepsis and endotoxemia. Inhibition of protein isoprenylation, including farnesylation, has been proposed as a mechanism to mediate the lipid-lowering-independent effects of statins. Nonetheless, the effects of the inhibition of isoprenylation have not yet been studied. To investigate the role of farnesylation, we evaluated the effects of farnesyltransferase inhibitor and statin on survival following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in mice. Both simvastatin (2 mg/kg BW) and FTI-277 (20 mg/kg BW) treatment improved survival by twofold after LPS injection, as compared with vehicle alone (p < 0.01). LPS-induced cleavage (activation) of caspase-3, an indicator of apoptotic change, and increased protein expression of proapoptotic molecules, Bax and Bim, and activation of c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK/SAPK) in the liver and spleen were attenuated by both simvastatin and FTI-277. These results demonstrate that farnesyltransferase inhibitor as well as statin significantly reduced LPS-induced mortality in mice. Our findings also suggest that inhibition of protein farnesylation may contribute to the lipid-lowering-independent protective effects of statins in endotoxemia, and that protein farnesylation may play a role in LPS-induced stress response, including JNK/SAPK activation, and apoptotic change. Our data argue that farnesyltransferase may be a potential molecular target for treating patients with endotoxemia.     

Stimulation of IFN-γ production by garlic lectin in mouse spleen cells: Involvement of IL-12 via activation of p38 MAPK and ERK in macrophages

Several lectins, present in beans and edible plant products, have immuno-potentiating and anti-tumor activities. We here report the effects of garlic lectin purified from garlic bulbs on the production of cytokines such as interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the mouse. Garlic lectin induced IFN-γ production in spleen cells in a bell-shaped time (24-60 h)- and concentration (0.25-2.0 mg/ml)-dependent manner. The maximal enhancement was observed at 36 h with 0.5 mg/ml of garlic lectin. The stimulatory effect of garlic lectin on IFN-γ production was completely inhibited by both actinomycin D and cycloheximide, an inhibitor of ribosomal protein synthesis and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, respectively, and was associated with an increase in IFN-γ mRNA level. Garlic lectin also induced IL-12 production in mouse peritoneal macrophages in a concentration (0.25-1.0 mg/ml)- and bell-shaped time (3-24 h)-dependent manner. The lectin increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in macrophages. Furthermore, specific pharmacological inhibitors of ERK kinase (U0126) and p38 MAPK (SB203580) also suppressed the production of IL-12 induced by garlic lectin. The present findings suggest that garlic lectin induces IL-12 production via activation of p38 MAPK and ERK in mouse macrophages, which, in turn, stimulates IFN-γ production through an increase in IFN-γ mRNA in the spleen cells.     

铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道菌群多样性的影响

探讨铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道菌群的影响,为铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘的疗效机制及临床组方提供依据。

选取12只SPF级昆明小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、铁皮石斛组和枳术汤组,每组3只。造模阶段正常组灌胃无菌水,模型组和治疗组采用番泻叶水煎液灌胃7 d后,限制饮食饮水8 d,建立脾虚便秘模型。造模成功后,正常组和模型组灌胃无菌水,治疗组分别以铁皮石斛和枳术汤水煎液干预5 d。治疗结束后,收集各组小鼠盲肠内容物样本进行16S rDNA高通量测序。

脾虚便秘小鼠排便量减少,粪便细小,干燥,质硬,呈黄色。铁皮石斛和枳术汤分别治疗后,小鼠排便量增加,粪便软硬适中,呈黑褐色。测序分析发现,正常组与铁皮石斛组的共有OTU数最多,与枳术汤组的共有OTU数最少。α−多样性指数与PCA结果表明,铁皮石斛组菌属结构较其余两组更接近正常组小鼠。物种相对丰度及组成结果表明,铁皮石斛增加了脾虚便秘小鼠双歧杆菌属相对丰度,抑制了乳杆菌属、拟杆菌属相对丰度,但对菌群丰度的调节作用不及枳术汤;LEfSe分析与随机森林分析鉴定出布劳特菌属和活泼瘤胃球菌是铁皮石斛组与其他组别的差异菌群。

铁皮石斛能恢复脾虚便秘小鼠肠道菌群的多样性,可调节肠道菌群相对丰度,布劳特菌属和活泼瘤胃球菌可能是铁皮石斛干预脾虚便秘小鼠的肠道关键指示菌。

     

大鼠异基因骨髓移植急性移植物抗宿主病模型的建立

目的建立较稳定的异基因骨髓移植急性移植物抗宿主病动物模型,为异基因骨髓移植后的急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）的相关研究提供实验参照。方法以雄性SD大鼠为供鼠,雌性Wistar大鼠为受鼠,受体大鼠随机分成A、B、C、D、E 5组,移植当天所有受鼠均接受8.5 GY的全身照射（TBI）,于照射后4～6 h内,A组回输等量培养液,B组经尾静脉输注供鼠骨髓细胞（2×10^8个/kg）,C、D、E组分别回输供鼠骨髓细胞（2×10^8个/kg）＋不同比例的脾细胞。观察各组大鼠生存期、外周白细胞计数、及有无aGVHD的临床及病理表现。结果A组大鼠于15d内全部死亡,外周血白细胞计数明显减低,骨髓病理示造血组织减少,提示死于造血衰竭。B、C、D、E组大鼠外周血白细胞计数均有明显恢复,B组大鼠8只存活超过50 d,C、D、E组大鼠均于50 d观察期内死亡,并有aGVHD的临床表现及病理表现,但C组大鼠aGVHD的程度较轻且时间不集中,其中D、E组大鼠可于相对集中的时间内观察到典型aGVHD临床及病理。结论TBI预处理的方式是可行的,单纯输入异基因骨髓细胞不能引起明显的aGVHD,骨髓细胞与脾细胞1∶1及1∶1.5混合组均可作为异基因骨髓移植后理想的aGVHD动物模型。     

小鼠体内脾脏,骨髓及精原细胞姐妹染色单体交换的比较研究

本文对几种化学诱变剂诱发小鼠体内脾脏、骨髓和精原细胞的SCE进行了比较研究,同时分析了几类常见化合物在小鼠脾脏细胞中诱发SCE的活力。结果显示诱变剂在脾脏细胞中诱发SCE比骨髓和精原细胞敏感。几类化合物都能显著地诱发小鼠脾脏SCE的增加,与对照相比差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),说明利用小鼠脾脏细胞检测环境诱变物是相当灵敏的。