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31.
A. Richard Palmer 《Hydrobiologia》1990,193(1):155-182
Juvenile Nucella lapillus of two different shell phenotypes, exposed shore and protected shore, were maintained in running seawater under each of three experimental conditions for 94 d: a) laboratory control, b) exposed to the effluent of crabs (Cancer pagurus) fed frozen fish (fish-crab), and c) exposed to the effluent of crabs fed live conspecific snails (snail-crab). Rates of barnacle consumption and rates of body weight change varied significantly between phenotypes and among experimental conditions. Individuals from the protected-shore consumed consistently fewer barnacles and grew consistently less than those from the exposed shore. Body weight increases in the fish-crab treatments were from 25 to 50% less than those in the controls and body weights in the snail-crab treatment either did not change or actually decreased. The perceived risk of predation thus appears to have a dramatic effect on the rates of feeding and growth of N. lapillus.At the end of the experiment, size-adjusted final shell weights for both phenotypes were consistently higher than controls (no crab) in both the fish-crab and snail-crab treatments. In addition, apertural tooth height, thickness of the lip, and retractability (i.e. the extent to which a snail could withdraw into its shell), with few exceptions all varied in an adaptive manner in response to the various risk treatments. Similar changes in the shell form of starved snails exposed to the same stimuli suggest very strongly that the morphological responses of both phenotypes were not just due to differences in rates of growth. These differences, at least in part, represented a direct cueing of the shell form of Nucella lapillus to differences in the perceived risk of predation. Somewhat surprisingly, the extent of phenotypic plasticity appeared to differ between the populations examined. Both field and laboratory evidence suggest that the exposed-shore population was much more labile morphologically than the protected-shore population.In many instances, particularly among starved snails, the development of antipredatory shell traits was greater in the fish-crab treatment than in the snail-crab treatment. Because the scent of crabs was present in both treatments, these results suggest a) that, at the frequency/concentration used in the experiments, the scent of damaged conspecifics may have been a supernormal stimulus and b) that the morphological response in these treatments might have been greater if the stimulus had been provided at a lower level. 相似文献
32.
Noori Choi Matt Adams Kasey Fowler-Finn Elise Knowlton Malcolm Rosenthal Aaron Rundus Roger D. Santer Dustin Wilgers Eileen A. Hebets 《Biology letters》2022,18(5)
The evolution of complex signals has often been explored by testing multiple functional hypotheses regarding how independent signal components provide selective benefits to offset the costs of their production. In the present study, we take a different approach by exploring the function of complexity per se. We test the hypothesis that increased vibratory signal complexity—based on both proportional and temporal patterning—provides selective benefits to courting male Schizocosa stridulans wolf spiders. In support of this hypothesis, all of our quantified metrics of vibratory signal complexity predicted the mating success of male S. stridulans. The rate of visual signalling, which is mechanistically tied to vibratory signal production, was also associated with mating success. We additionally found evidence that males can dynamically adjust the complexity of their vibratory signalling. Together, our results suggest that complexity per se may be a target of female choice. 相似文献
33.
Rachel K. Spinks Jennifer M. Donelson Lucrezia C. Bonzi Timothy Ravasi Philip L. Munday 《Ecology and evolution》2022,12(7)
The parental environment can alter offspring phenotypes via the transfer of non‐genetic information. Parental effects may be viewed as an extension of (within‐generation) phenotypic plasticity. Smaller size, poorer physical condition, and skewed sex ratios are common responses of organisms to global warming, yet whether parental effects alleviate, exacerbate, or have no impact on these responses has not been widely tested. Further, the relative non‐genetic influence of mothers and fathers and ontogenetic timing of parental exposure to warming on offspring phenotypes is poorly understood. Here, we tested how maternal, paternal, and biparental exposure of a coral reef fish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus) to elevated temperature (+1.5°C) at different ontogenetic stages (development vs reproduction) influences offspring length, weight, condition, and sex. Fish were reared across two generations in present‐day and projected ocean warming in a full factorial design. As expected, offspring of parents exposed to present‐day control temperature that were reared in warmer water were shorter than their siblings reared in control temperature; however, within‐generation plasticity allowed maintenance of weight, resulting in a higher body condition. Parental exposure to warming, irrespective of ontogenetic timing and sex, resulted in decreased weight and condition in all offspring rearing temperatures. By contrast, offspring sex ratios were not strongly influenced by their rearing temperature or that of their parents. Together, our results reveal that phenotypic plasticity may help coral reef fishes maintain performance in a warm ocean within a generation, but could exacerbate the negative effects of warming between generations, regardless of when mothers and fathers are exposed to warming. Alternatively, the multigenerational impact on offspring weight and condition may be a necessary cost to adapt metabolism to increasing temperatures. This research highlights the importance of examining phenotypic plasticity within and between generations across a range of traits to accurately predict how organisms will respond to climate change. 相似文献
34.
35.
马尾松种源在异质养分环境中的觅养行为差异 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
选择广东信宜、福建武平、广西岑溪3个不同磷效率特性的马尾松种源,构建同质和异质两种养分环境开展盆栽实验,研究马尾松搜寻利用异质分布养分的获取机制及不同种源觅养行为差异。结果表明,与同质营养环境相比,异质营养环境中马尾松种源具有较高的苗高、地径生长量、较强光合速率和干物质生产能力。研究证实了根系形态可塑性和生理可塑性在马尾松获取异质分布养分中的重要性。马尾松可通过在富养斑块中须侧根的大量增生、对N、P、K等元素的有效吸收提高其觅养能力。马尾松在拓殖富养斑块的初期主要依靠新生侧根的增加和侧根的延长,在拓殖一段时期之后则主要靠新生侧根的生成和须根数量、须根密度的增加来搜寻异质分布养分。异质养分环境中的根系具有较高的养分吸收效率主要缘由在富养斑块中对N、P、K大量的吸收。综合比较分析认为,在3个参试种源中广西岑溪和福建武平种源在异质营养环境中拓殖富养斑块和觅养能力较强,广东信宜种源拓殖和觅养能力相对较弱。 相似文献
36.
Plant strategy and life‐history theories make different predictions about reproductive efficiency under competition. While strategy theory suggests under intense competition iteroparous perennial plants delay reproduction and semelparous annuals reproduce quickly, life‐history theory predicts both annual and perennial plants increase resource allocation to reproduction under intense competition. We tested (1) how simulated competition influences reproductive efficiency and competitive ability (CA) of different plant life histories and growth forms; (2) whether life history or growth form is associated with CA; (3) whether shade avoidance plasticity is connected to reproductive efficiency under simulated competition. We examined plastic responses of 11 herbaceous species representing different life histories and growth forms to simulated competition (spectral shade). We found that both annual and perennial plants invested more to reproduction under simulated competition in accordance with life‐history theory predictions. There was no significant difference between competitive abilities of different life histories, but across growth forms, erect species expressed greater CA (in terms of leaf number) than other growth forms. We also found that shade avoidance plasticity can increase the reproductive efficiency by capitalizing on the early life resource acquisition and conversion of these resources into reproduction. Therefore, we suggest that a reassessment of the interpretation of shade avoidance plasticity is necessary by revealing its role in reproduction, not only in competition of plants. 相似文献
37.
R. Rubio de Casas P. Vargas E. Pérez-Corona E. Cano E. Manrique C. García-Verdugo & L. Balaguer 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2009,11(3):464-472
Evergreen oaks are an emblematic element of the Mediterranean vegetation and have a leaf phenotype that seems to have remained unchanged since the Miocene. We hypothesise that variation of the sclerophyll phenotype among Iberian populations of Quercus coccifera is partly due to an ulterior process of ecotypic differentiation. We analysed the genetic structure of nine Iberian populations using ISSR fingerprints, and their leaf phenotypes using mean and intracanopy plasticity values of eight morphological (leaf angle, area, spinescence, lobation and specific area) and biochemical traits (VAZ pool, chlorophyll and β-carotene content). Climate and soil were also characterised at the population sites. Significant genetic and phenotypic differences were found among populations and between NE Iberia and the rest of the populations of the peninsula. Mean phenotypes showed a strong and independent correlation with both genetic and geographic distances. Northeastern plants were smaller, less plastic, with smaller, spinier and thicker leaves, a phenotype consistent with the stressful conditions that prevailed in the steppe environments of the refugia within this geographic area during glaciations. These genetic, phenotypic, geographic and environmental patterns are consistent with previously reported palaeoecological and common evidence. Such consistency leads us to conclude that there has been a Quaternary divergence within the sclerophyllous syndrome that was at least partially driven by ecological factors. 相似文献
38.
- 1. In the altricial rodent, Phyllotis darwini, we found higher body temperatures and faster developmental rates of the thermoregulatory capacity in neonates born from cold- than warm-acclimated mothers.
- 2. This difference could be explained by maternal effects on the litter, such as high levels of catecholamines and thyroxin levels, high concentration of the uncoupled protein and larger quantity of brown adipose tissue as a consequence of cold acclimation.
- 3. The exposition of mothers and the maintenance of cold condition during the early development might be responsible of the high metabolism and better thermoregulatory capacity of newborns.
Keywords: Phenotypic plasticity; Thermoregulation; Metabolism; Altricial rodents 相似文献
39.
40.
Neurotrophins, which are structurally related to nerve growth factor, have been shown to promote survival of various neurons.
Recently, we found a novel activity of a neurotrophin in the brain: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhances expression
of various neuropeptides. The neuropeptide differentiation activity was then compared among neurotrophins both in vivo and
in vitro. In cultured neocortical neurons, BDNF and neurotrophin-5 (NT-5) remarkably increased levels of neuropeptide Y and
somatostatin, and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) also increased these peptides but required higher concentrations. At elevating substance
P, however, NT-3 was as potent as BDNF. In contrast, NGF had negligible or no effect. Neurotrophins administered into neonatal
brain exhibited slightly different potencies for increasing these neuropeptides: The most marked increase in neuropeptide
Y levels was obtained in the neocortex by NT-5, whereas in the striatum and hippocampus by BDNF, although all three neurotrophins
increased somatostatin similarly in all the brain regions examined. Overall spatial patterns of the neuropeptide induction
were similar among the neurotrophins. Neurons in adult rat brain can also react with the neurotrophins and alter neuropeptide
expression in a slightly different fashion. Excitatory neuronal activity and hormones are known to change expression of neurotrophins.
Therefore, neurotrophins, neuronal activity, and hormones influence each other and all regulate neurotransmitter/peptide expression
in developing and mature brain. Physiological implication of the neurotransmitter/peptide differentiation activities is also
discussed. 相似文献