本地种西番莲与外引种西番莲的花外蜜腺-蚂蚁-植食昆虫相互作用系统的比较

外引植物如何和当地生物建立相互关系是入侵生物学和进化生物学关注的关键科学问题.本实验以西双版纳当地自然分布的长叶西番莲(Passiflora siamica)和近年从南美新引种的红花两番莲(P.coccinea)为材料,探讨两种西番莲植物-蚂蚁-植食昆虫间相互关系系统对变化响应的差异.结果表明,共有24种蚂蚁取食花外蜜液,利用两种西番莲的蚂蚁数量没有显著差异(t=1.30,P=0.20),但在种类组成上存在显著差异(χ~2=14.76,df=4,P<0.01).植食昆虫多为蜗牛、螽斯、鳞翅目幼虫等广适性昆虫.去除蚂蚁处理均未对两种西番莲植物的平均叶面积损失造成显著影响.该研究表明两种两番莲的花外蜜腺-蚂蚁-广适性昆虫的相互作用系统对变化的响应没有显著差异,而与专食性昆虫相互作用系统对变化的响应的差异则有待进一步研究.     

冷饭团不同部位挥发性成分及抗氧化活性分析

为较全面地认识冷饭团(Kadsura coccinea)植株挥发性成分及其抗氧化活性,该研究以其根、茎、叶为材料,采用水蒸气蒸馏提取法(方法 a)和顶空-固相微萃取法(SPME)(方法 b)结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)与计算机检索技术,对冷饭团植株各部位挥发性成分进行了提取分析,并采用DPPH法对其抗氧化活性进行测试。结果表明:(1)两种提取方法检测出的挥发性成分种类及含量存在一定差异,用方法a和方法 b分别在根、茎、叶中共鉴定出挥发性化合物98和117种;其中根中分别有59与68种(占总挥发性物质的83.5%,93.8%)、茎中54和56种(占总挥发性物质的88.9%,94.9%)、叶中36和42种(占总挥发性物质的89.6%,97.7%)。(2)根、茎、叶中两种方法检出共同化合物种类及含量基本相同,主要有石竹烯、蒎烯、榄香烯、毕澄茄油烯、古巴烯、毕澄茄烯、d-苦橙花醇等,这些成分也是各部分挥发物的主要成分(含量超过70%)。(3)根、茎、叶中挥发性物质质量浓度达到20 mg·m L~(-1)时,清除DPPH自由基效率均超过97%,表现出很好的抗氧化活性。     

龙船花两变种叶面积回归方程的建立

以龙船花两变种橙红龙船花Ixora coccinea var. coccinea、邦德胡卡红仙丹草I. coccinea var. bandhuca的成熟叶为材料,利用WinFolia软件测定多项叶形态指标,并对叶面积进行回归分析,分别建立其8种回归方程以及总的适用回归方程。结果表明,龙船花两变种的叶片长×叶水平宽、叶周长、叶垂直长、叶片长、叶水平宽、叶片长×叶片长以及叶水平宽×叶水平宽与叶面积之间的相关系数及复相关系数均呈极显著水平(P＜0.01),可分别用来建立龙船花的叶面积回归方程;叶面积与叶片长×叶水平宽的相关系数及复相关系数最高,基于叶片长×叶水平宽的8种叶面积回归方程更好地估测两种龙船花的叶面积。经检验发现,二次函数、复合函数、幂函数能更准确地估测叶面积;由两种龙船花共同建立的3种总的回归方程中,复合函数与幂函数能更好地模拟估测叶面积。     

火把花的繁殖生物学研究

火把花（Colquhounia coccinea?）表现出典型的鸟媒综合征,因此具有作为引鸟景观植物的开发潜力。以自然、人工生境的火把花居群为研究对象,通过观察和试验对其开花物候、花部综合特征、访花动物及其行为、繁育系统、种子萌发特性进行研究,以明确火把花的繁殖特性及对不同访花动物的吸引潜力。结果显示,火把花的整体花期持续约3个月,单花花期为9.6±0.6 d;花蜜较丰富且稀薄,具有较短的花冠管和己糖为主的花蜜糖组成;访花动物主要是中华蜜蜂和多种食蜜鸟类,尤其是短喙的泛化鸟类,且在非自然生境中仍然能吸引鸟类访花;完全自交亲和但需要传粉者才能完成授粉,不存在花粉限制;不同授粉处理种子的发芽能力无显著差异;中华蜜蜂能有效传粉,鸟类的传粉作用需进一步验证。综上所述,火把花可供观赏的时间很长,具有明显的吸引鸟类访花的能力,容易通过有性繁殖途径快速获得大量幼苗。     

云南黑老虎不同种源氨基酸和其他指标的分析与评价

为探讨黑老虎（Kadsura coccinea ）作为果用食物的营养价值,对采自云南省不同产地的野生黑老虎果实分别测定其果皮和果肉中的维生素 C、可溶性固形物、氨基酸、粗纤维、蛋白质、总糖等含量,并进行比较分析。结果表明：野生黑老虎果实含有丰富的人体必需的氨基酸,4个种源中,以勐海的黑老虎果肉中各人体必需氨基酸总含量最高,为0．256％,其次是屏边种源,为0．106％,景东种源为0．0943％,普文种源氨基酸总含量最少,为0．0274％。黑老虎果实还含丰富的维生素 C、粗纤维、蛋白质、总糖等。不同产地之间或单株之间各营养指标变化范围大,变异系数较高,优良种源或优良单株可选择性较强。果肉的养分灰关联度以勐海种源和第2单株最高,将作为备选优良种源和优良单株。     

矮生龙船花的组织培养和快速繁殖

矮生龙船花(IxoracoccineaL.)的带节茎段在MS 2,4D2.0mg/L培养基上产生大量的愈伤组织;在MS 6BA1.0mg/L NAA0.2mg/L培养基上芽的增殖系数达413,并产生少量的愈伤组织;在MS NAA0.2～2.0mg/L培养基上只产生芽而无愈伤组织形成。愈伤组织在MS 6BA0.5mg/L NAA0.5mg/L培养基上产生大量的不定芽,丛生芽在MS 6BA0.5mg/L NAA0.5mg/L培养基上生长较快并产生较多分枝,将分枝节下或切成段后在MS 6BA0.5mg/L NAA0.5mg/L培养基上能迅速生长并产生新的分枝。试管内小苗在1/2MS NAA0.5mg/L培养基上的生根壮苗效果较好。矮生龙船花试管苗成活率为935%。     

Factors affecting protoplast yield of the carrageenophyte Solieria filiformis (Gigartinales,Rhodophyta)

Summary The effect of age, pH of the culture medium, pre-treatment of tissues, enzymes sources and enzymatic adaptability of phycophages fed with a monospecific diet were analyzed on the protoplast yields of the red seaweed Solieria filiformis (Kützing) Gabrielson. New apices from fast growing plants showed the highest protoplast yields. The protoplast yield decreased when the pH of the culture medium increased from 6.0 to 9.0. Crude extracts from the abalone Haliotis coccinea canariensis Nordsieck, fed with Solieria filiformis thalli for three months in combination with cellulysin, released the highest number of viable cells and protoplasts. Yields ranged from 1.0 to 8.5 x 10⁶ protoplasts per gram of fresh weight.Abbreviations AAP abalone acetone powder - Bis-Tris Bis(2hydroxyethyl)imino-tris(hydroxymethyl)methane - CMC carboxymethyl cellulose - EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - EGTA ethylene glycol-bis(ß-aminoethyl ether) NNNN-tetraacetic acid - FDA fluorescein diacetate - FW fresh weight - Hepes N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid - Tris Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane     

Nectary structure and nectar secretion in Maxillaria coccinea (Jacq.) L.O. Williams ex Hodge (Orchidaceae)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It had previously been assumed that Maxillaria spp. produce no nectar. However, nectar has recently been observed in Maxillaria coccinea (Jacq.) L.O. Williams ex Hodge amongst other species. Furthermore, it is speculated that M. coccinea may be pollinated by hummingbirds. The aim of this paper is to investigate these claims further. METHODS: Light microscopy, histochemistry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS: This is the first detailed account of nectar secretion in Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. A 'faucet and sink' arrangement occurs in M. coccinea. Here, the nectary is represented by a small protuberance upon the ventral surface of the column and nectar collects in a semi-saccate reservoir formed by the fusion of the labellum and the base of the column-foot. The nectary comprises a single-layered epidermis and three or four layers of small subepidermal cells. Beneath these occur several layers of larger parenchyma cells. Epidermal cells lack ectodesmata and have a thin, permeable, reticulate cuticle with associated swellings that coincide with the middle lamella between adjoining epidermal cells. Nectar is thought to pass both along the apoplast and symplast and eventually through the stretched and distended cuticle. The secretory cells are collenchymatous, nucleated and have numerous pits with plasmodesmata, mitochondria, rough ER and plastids with many plastoglobuli but few lamellae. Subsecretory cells have fewer plastids than secretory cells. Nectary cells also contain large intravacuolar protein bodies. The floral morphology of M. coccinea is considered in relation to ornithophily and its nectary compared with a similar protuberance found in the entomophilous species M. parviflora (Poepp. & Endl.) Garay. CONCLUSIONS: Flowers of M. coccinea produce copious amounts of nectar and, despite the absence of field data, their morphology and the exact configuration of their parts argue strongly in favour of ornithophily.     

Production of anti‐inflammatory compounds in Sphaeralcea angustifolia cell suspension cultivated in stirred tank bioreactor

Sphaeralcea angustifolia is a plant used for the treatment of inflammatory processes. Scopoletin, tomentin, and sphaeralcic acid were identified as the compounds with anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Successful establishment of the cell culture in Erlenmeyer flasks has been reported previously. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of cells in suspension from S. angustifolia grown in a stirred tank bioreactor and demonstrate their capacity to produce bioactive compounds. Cells in suspension grown at 200 rpm reached a maximal cell biomass in dry weight at 19.11 g/L and produced 3.47 mg/g of sphaeralcic acid. The mixture of scopoletin and tomentin was only detected at the beginning of the culture (12.13 μg/g). Considering that the profile of dissolved oxygen during the cultures was lesser than 15%, it is possible that the low growth at 100 rpm could be due to oxygen limitations or to cell sedimentation. At 400 rpm, a negative effect on cell viability could be caused by the increase in the hydrodynamic stress, including the impeller tip, average shear rate, and Reynolds number. The sphaeralcic acid content in the cell suspension of S. angustifolia obtained in the bioreactor was two orders of magnitude greater than that reported for the culture grown in Erlenmeyer flasks.     

Sharing the same space: foraging behaviour of saproxylic beetles in relation to dietary components of morphologically similar larvae

1. Saproxylic beetles (Coleoptera) have particular requirements for dead wood. Little is known about their larval development, especially within intermediate and late stages of dead wood decay. 2. We studied the natural foraging behaviour of three saproxylic beetles with morphologically similar (i.e. convergent) larvae and similar habitat requirements –Cucujus cinnaberinus Scopoli (Cucujidae), Pyrochroa coccinea L., and Schizotus pectinicornis L. (Pyrochroidae) – examining dietary components using visual gut content analysis. 3. There were few significant differences in diet among the study species, but there were significant differences for the different dietary components in individual species. Guts of all three species included more plant and fungal material than animal. We also observed that with increasing body size larvae foraged significantly less on fungal material. We observed significant differences among species and selection with respect to body size during the overwintering period. Larvae swallowed more animal and less fungal material with increasing body size. 4. The study species seem to be opportunistic foragers, varying their foraging capability according to seasonality and age. They probably generally foraged woody material infested by filamentous fungi (i.e. xylomycetophagy), swallowing other material that is in their way while foraging, including animal parts and small arthropods. 5. We found that morphologically similar larvae do not differ much in their foraging behaviour even when sharing the same habitat. Larval size seems to be a useful predictor for foraging behaviour of saproxylic beetles within the same guild. The study species are probably occasional predators with less ability to forage on other animals than previously suggested.