川西与藏东南地区杜鹃花属植物及其分布的比较研究

通过青藏高原的川西地区与藏东南地区杜鹃花属植物类群及其数量、地理分布型与垂直分布格局的研究,借助比较生物学的研究方法,揭示这两个重要区域分布的杜鹃花属植物类群及其分布格局的异同。结果表明:青藏高原东部区域的川西地区杜鹃花属植物具有较原始类群多、较高分类等级多、大类群多并与我国东部和狭义横断山联系较广泛的区系特征,类群及其特有种的垂直分布重心较低; 而青藏高原南缘区域的藏东南地区具有较进化类群多、较低分类等级多、小类群多、特化强烈并主要与狭义横断山有较密切联系的区系特征,类群及其特有种的垂直分布重心较高,且两地间近缘类群垂直替代现象明显。有关特征和现象与白垩纪晚期杜鹃花属起源地的温润气候、第三纪渐新世前后高原漫长的渐进抬升和第四纪高原的迅速隆升及其多次冰川的进退等三个地质历史节点和事件具有密切关联并相互对应。从而揭示了在共同的生物地质历史背景下,我国杜鹃花属植物地理区系及其垂直分布特征由东至西的趋异化过程与性质,并据此提出了在幅员广阔的中国—喜玛拉雅这个现代杜鹃花属植物分布中心内,可勾勒出三块具有明显分异的核心分布区,即川西—滇东北区、滇西北—滇西区、藏东南—藏南区。     

新疆赤藓属植物的地理分布及3个新记录种

采用经典分类方法,对1989～2012年采自新疆各地的赤藓属植物360余号标本进行鉴定。结果表明:(1)共鉴定出新疆赤藓属(Syntrichia Brid.)植物11种(含1变种),其中3种为新疆新记录种。(2)新疆首次发现的3个新记录种为:北方赤藓(Syntrichia norvegica)、双齿赤藓(S.bidentata)和齿肋赤藓异叶变种(S.caninervis var.spuria),其中双齿赤藓为中国濒危物种。(3)对新疆赤藓属植物11种的形态特征及其在新疆的分布进行了描述,并编制了新疆赤藓属植物的分种检索表。     

山美水库流域水量水质模拟的SWAT与CE-QUAL-W2联合模型

为更好地模拟分析流域非点源污染对山美水库水质的影响,联合运用流域日尺度分布式水文模型SWAT和二维垂向水动力水质模型CE-QUAL-W2,将SWAT模型的时序输出作为CE-QUAL-W2模型的输入条件,构建了山美水库流域水量水质模拟联合模型,并对流域径流、输沙和污染物以及水库的水位、水温和无机氮等变量进行了率定.结果表明: 尽管受流域部分计算结果的影响,误差会累积到对下游水库水体的计算,但模型的模拟结果与实测数据的吻合程度仍较高,说明联合模型可以较好地反映山美水库流域及库区水体的水动力和污染过程.模型的使用可以为定位流域关键污染源区及控制水库富营养化提供科学依据.     

海南特有种东方琼楠种群结构特征

为探讨海南特有种东方琼楠(Beilschmiedia tungfangensis)种群结构特征,在海南尖峰岭林区设置20.4hm2样地,从种群径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线、空间分布格局等方面进行分析。结果表明:1)东方琼楠种群径级分布呈倒"J"型,为增长型种群;2)在第Ⅲ级(DBH:10～15cm)时生命期望值最高,向大龄级和小龄级呈递减趋势;3)存活曲线接近DeeveyⅢ型,呈凹型;死亡率曲线和消失率曲线呈"V"型;4)不同分析方法均表明该种群呈聚集分布,且聚群强度较大;5)聚块性指数随径级呈"正余弦"变化。     

江西省弄蝶四新纪录(鳞翅目:弄蝶总科)(英文)

通过对外形特征和外生殖器特征的检视,发现江西省弄蝶四新纪录:无斑珂弄蝶指名亚种Caltoris bromus bromus(Leech,1894)、襟弄蝶中南亚种Pseudocoladenia dan fabia(Evans,1949)、灰陀弄蝶黎氏亚种Thoressa gupta leechii(Evans,1932)和南岭陀弄蝶Thoressa xiaoqingae Huang&Zhan,2004。标本均采自江西九连山国家级自然保护区。文中提供了成虫标本照片。     

尤溪天然米槠林植物碳氮磷的化学计量特征及其分配格局

以福建尤溪的天然米槠[Castanopsis carlesii(Hemsl.) Hayata]林乔木层、灌木层和草本层的26个主要优势种为研究对象,分析了植物不同器官的C、N和P含量及其比值的差异及相关性,并对不同器官C、N和P含量在不同层次间的分布特征进行了研究.结果显示:同一器官中均为C平均含量最高、P平均含量最低;其中,叶片中C、N和P含量分别为344.95 ～ 486.15、6.26 ～ 19.50和0.18 ～0.62 mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为22.52 ～61.21、696.64～2 589.72和11.38 ～58.94;根系中的C、N和P含量分别为277.95 ～458.30、1.41 ～12.73和0.13 ～0.44mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为34.63 ～296.17、731.45 ～3 372.69和8.81 ～34.41;乔木层和灌木层植物枝条中C、N和P含量分别为407.75 ～473.75、3.10 ～7.39和0.09～0.61 mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为57.43 ～148.15、776.64～5 054.44和7.05 ～48.11;乔木层植物树干中的C、N和P含量分别为432.56 ～463.32、2.67 ～6.35和0.16 ～0.31 mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为68.12 ～167.73、1 494.58 ～2 860.63和11.35 ～29.06.乔木层植物的不同器官按C含量由高至低依次排序为叶片、枝条、树干、根系,按N和P含量由高至低依次排序为叶片、枝条、根系、树干;灌木层植物的C含量在枝条中最高、根系中最低,N和P含量在叶片中最高、枝条中最低;而草本层植物地上部分的C、N和P含量均高于地下部分.除根系中的N含量与P含量呈极显著正相关外,同一器官的C、N和P含量间均无显著相关性,但与C/N、C/P和N/P比值间大多有极显著的相关性.不同器官的C、N和P含量也因植物所处层次的不同而异,其中乔木层植物叶片中均最高、草本层植物叶片中均最低;乔木层植物全株的C含量最高、N含量最低,草本层植物全株的N含量最高、C含量最低,各层植物全株的P含量比较接近.研究结果表明:尤溪天然米槠林内植物叶片的C、N和P含量均偏低,P缺乏很可能是限制该林分植物生产力的最重要元素.     

检测大肠杆菌群体生长动力学过程4种方法的比较

用浊度测定、菌落形成数计数（CFU）、流式细胞计数（FCT）,以及MTT还原测脱氢酶活力4种检测方法,测定了E．coliCVCC249群体的生长量,并通过Logistic模型、Sigmoid模型,以及正态分布方程拟合由上述生物量所表征的群体生长动力学过程曲线．结果表明,对浊度和流式检测数据,Logistic和Sigmoid方程可给出较好的拟合度,而对CFU法和脱氢酶活力检测法,仅有正态分布方程能呈现更好的拟合．通过应用有限时域向前差分的方法,消除不能增殖的休止细胞对浊度生长过程曲线的影响,以模拟菌群增殖的过程曲线．在此基础上,求得菌群生长的即时速度（advancingvelocity,Vad。）和即时速度的瞬变率,以此为据将E．coliCVCC249生长过程划分为线性增长期、指数增长期、指数减速期、线性减速期,以及衰亡期5个阶段．此外,对新的划分生长阶段的方法与经典方法的不同,以及R。（拟合决定系数）能否作为确定模型是否拟合的唯一判据,进行了讨论．     

Solid-phase distribution of heavy metals as affected by single reagent extraction in dredged sediment derived surface soils

ABSTRACT

EDTA is useful to assess mobile metal pools in polluted soils and sediments. There is a need to enhance our understanding of the significance of metal fractions released. The impact of single reagent extraction with 0.05 mol L^?1 EDTA on the solid phase distribution of trace metals in surface soils sampled from confined dredged sediment disposal sites was investigated. Not extracted and EDTA extracted soils were subjected to sequential extraction to fractionate the total contents into: (1) easily exchangeable and carbonate bound fraction; (2) reducible fraction; (3) oxidisable fraction; and (4) residual fraction. With EDTA, significant portions of metals associated with the acid extractable and reducible fractions were released. The oxidisable and residual fractions remained unaffected for most of the investigated metals except for the organic matter associated metals (Cu and Pb). A decrease in the residual fraction after EDTA-extraction for Cu and Pb was attributed to artifacts of the sequential extraction procedure.     

Coexistence of two congeneric tree species of Lauraceae in a secondary warm‐temperate forest on Miyajima Island,south‐western Japan

We analyzed the spatial distributions of two congeneric tree species, Neolistea aciculata and Neolistea sericea (Lauraceae), in a warm‐temperate forest on Miyajima Island, south‐western Japan. Both species were mainly found in valley sites on the island. Hence, these species shared the same topographic habitat niche. However, we found a clear difference between the spatial distributions of the two species in relation to the light environment. Neolistea aciculata was predominantly found in stands with low light, such as beneath the canopy of dense evergreen broadleaved forest. In contrast, N. sericea was predominantly associated with ample light, such as in secondary Pinus densiflora forest. In stands with moderate light conditions, both species were found. This habitat niche segregation in relation to light conditions presumably allows the coexistence of these two species in the predominantly successional forest on Miyajima Island.     

Flow cytometric assessment of cytotype distributions within local populations of Phragmites australis (Poaceae) around Lake Biwa,the largest lake in Japan

Phragmites australis (Poaceae) is a clonal perennial that is an important component of wetland ecosystems worldwide. Using flow cytometry, we examined the cytotype distributions within five populations of P. australis located in the vicinity of Lake Biwa. As in previous reports, two ploidy levels, octoploid (2n = 8x = 96) and decaploid (2n = 10x = 120), were identified, which are assumed to be the main cytotypes around the lake. The coexistence of two cytotypes was detected in four of the five populations, suggesting the relatively common occurrence of mixed ploidy levels in the populations around Lake Biwa. Although intermingled cytotype distributions were observed in some populations, the 9x cytotype, that is, the expected outcome of inter‐cytotype crosses, was not observed, indicating limited gene flow between the two cytotypes.