Present status and rate of carbon sequestration of forest vegetation in Jilin Province,Northeast China北大核心CSCD

Aims Forests represent the most important component of the terrestrial biological carbon pool and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. The regional scale estimation of carbon budgets of forest ecosystems, however, have high uncertainties because of the different data sources, estimation methods and so on. Our objective was to accurately estimate the carbon storage, density and sequestration rate in forest vegetation in Jilin Province of China, in order to understand the role of the carbon sink and to better manage forest ecosystems. Methods Vegetation survey data were used to determine forest distribution, size of area and vegetation types regionally. In our study, 561 plots were investigated to build volume-biomass models; 288 plots of shrubs and herbs were harvested to calculate the biomass of understory vegetation, and samples of trees, shrubs and herbs were collected to analyze carbon content. Carbon storage, density and sequestration rate were estimated by two forest inventory data (2009 and 2014), combined with volume-biomass models, the average biomass of understory vegetation and carbon content of vegetation. Finally, the distribution patterns of carbon pools were presented using ArcGIS soft ware. Important findings Understory vegetation biomass overall was less than 3% of the tree layer biomass, varying greatly among different forest types and even among the similar types. The carbon content of trees was between 45.80% 52.97%, and that of the coniferous forests was higher than that of the broadleaf forests. The carbon content of shrub and herb layers was about 39.79% 47.25% and 40%, respectively. Therefore, the vegetation carbon conversion coefficient was 0.47 or 0.48 in Jilin Province, and the conventional use of 0.50 or 0.45 would cause deviation of ±5.26%. The vegetation carbon pool of Jilin Province was at the upper range of regional carbon pool and had higher capacity of carbon sequestration. The value in 2009 and 2014 was 471.29 Tg C and 505.76 Tg C, respectively, and the total increase was 34.47 Tg C with average annual growth of 6.89 Tg C•a1. The corresponding carbon sequestration rate was 0.92 t•hm 2•a1. The carbon density rose from 64.58 t•hm 2 in 2009 to 66.68 t•hm2 in 2014, with an average increase of 2.10 t•hm2. In addition, the carbon storage of the Quercus mongolica forests and broadleaved mixed forests, accounted for 90.34% of that of all forests. The carbon increment followed the order of young > over-mature > near mature > middle-aged > mature forests. The carbon sequestration rate of followed the order of over-mature > young > near mature > middle-aged > mature forests. Both the carbon increment and the carbon sequestration rate of mature forests were negative. Furthermore, spatially the carbon storage and density were higher in the east than in the west of Jilin province, while the carbon increment was higher in northeast and middle east than in the west. The carbon sequestration rate was higher in Tonghua and Baishan in the south, followed by Jinlin in the middle and Yanbian in the east, while Baicheng and Songyuan, etc. in west showed negative values.     

Newly discovered populations of the Ethiopian endemic and endangered Afrixalus clarkei Largen,implications for conservation

Knowledge of the Ethiopian amphibian fauna is limited and Southwest Ethiopia remains understudied. This part of Ethiopia, where most of the country’s remaining natural forest is situated, is known to harbour the only populations of Afrixalus clarkei (Largen), an endemic banana frog, worldwide. This species is under great threat of extinction and is therefore classified as endangered on the IUCN red list. We surveyed different potential habitats for this species outside its known range and found several new populations extending its known habitat preference, and the geographical and altitudinal range of the species. We here show that Afrixalus clarkei is more common than previously thought.     

Weed species composition and distribution pattern in the maize crop under the influence of edaphic factors and farming practices: A case study from Mardan,Pakistan

Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in ordinary environment. In nature there are a total of 8000 weed species out of which 250 are important for agriculture world. The present study was carried out on weed species composition and distribution pattern with special reference to edaphic factor and farming practices in maize crop of District Mardan during the months of August and September, 2014. Quadrates methods were used to assess weed species distribution in relation to edaphic factor and farming practices. Phytosociological attributes such as frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density and Importance Values were measured by placing 9 quadrates (1 × 1 m²) randomly in each field. Initial results showed that the study area has 29 diverse weed species belonging to 27 genera and 15 families distributed in 585 quadrats. Presence and absence data sheet of 29 weed species and 65 fields were analyzed through PC-ORD version 5. Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses initiated four different weed communities with significant indicator species and with respect to underlying environmental variables using data attribute plots. Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) of CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to assess the environmental gradients of weed species. It is concluded that among all the edaphic factors the strongest variables were higher concentration of potassium, organic matter and sandy nature of soil. CCA plots of both weed species and sampled fields based on questionnaire data concluded the farming practices such as application of fertilizers, irrigation and chemical spray were the main factors in determination of weed communities.     

Future risk of the maize orange leafhopper,Cicadulina bipunctata,and maize wallaby ear symptom in temperate Japan

Since the 1980s, the maize orange leafhopper, Cicadulina bipunctata, has been gradually expanding its range in east Asia associated with global warming. This leafhopper induces maize wallaby ear symptom (MWES) on young maize plants and has become a threat to forage maize production in southern parts of temperate Japan since around 2000. In this study, using predictions of future temperature and precipitation calculated from Atmosphere–Ocean Coupled General Circulation Models, the future risk of C. bipunctata expansion and MWES occurrence in Japan (spatial resolution: 1 km²) was predicted. A nominal logistic regression analysis showed a significant contribution of cumulative low temperature during winter to the current distribution of C. bipunctata. The range of C. bipunctata was predicted to expand northward, particularly in Kyushu, Shikoku and the southern part of Honshu after the 2060s. Predicted intensification of MWES would reduce the efficacy of maize cultivars that are currently tolerant to MWES, in southern Kyushu in the 2020s, and in most parts of Kyushu, Shikoku and southwestern Honshu in the 2060s. These results suggest the need for measures to counter further expansion of C. bipunctata and improvement of current tolerant maize cultivars.     

中国麻阳河国家级自然保护区黑叶猴种群数量估计与分布

2012年10月至2015年5月,对中国贵州省麻阳河国家级自然保护区黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)的种群数量和分布进行了调查研究。本次调查采用了直接观察猴群计数、夜宿地观察、问卷调查和访问、未出版资料及文献补充4种调查方法。结果表明,麻阳河国家级自然保护区及周边共有黑叶猴72群(含保护区外2群)。基于直接计数的25个猴群,计算猴群平均大小为(7.7±2.9)只,并以此计算保护区及周边黑叶猴数量为554只。其中,凉桥片区共有41群,315只;龚溪口片区共有16群,123只;务川片区共有15群,116只。调查发现保护区黑叶猴的分布基本以麻阳河、洪渡河及其支流兰子河为中轴,以箱状河谷的峭壁上和河岸附近的植被区作为主要活动范围。67群猴群发现点位于离河流中轴线缓冲距1 500 m区域以内,占总群数的93.1%。因此,为了确保该物种的生存以及缓解当地人猴冲突,建议重点加强对河流两岸栖息地的保护管理和自然植被恢复,尤其在人口稠密区更为必要。     

脑卒中患者医院获得性肺炎的病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的:分析脑卒中患者医院获得性肺炎的病原菌分布及药敏性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法:收集2013年3月-2015年9月我院收治的109例脑卒中并发医院获得性肺炎的临床资料,采用无菌方法收集患者晨痰或者下呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养,并对阳性病原菌进行药物敏感性试验。结果:对痰标本或者是下呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养187次,培养阳性152次,阳性率为81.28%,共培养出病原菌283株,其中革兰阴性菌192株占67.84%,革兰阳性菌76株占26.86%,真菌15株占5.30%。革兰阴性菌中的肺炎克雷伯菌,鲍氏不动杆菌,大肠埃希菌,铜绿假单胞菌,阴沟肠杆菌对头孢噻肟,头孢呋辛,美洛西林,美洛西林,头孢呋辛和头孢噻肟的耐药率最高,分别为66.18%,65.31%,70.97%,64.00%,71.43%;对氯霉素,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,氯霉素,头孢吡肟,氯霉素的耐药率最低,分别为1.47%,6.12%,3.23%,8.00%,7.14%。革兰阳性菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌,肺炎链球菌,粪肠球菌对万古霉素,万古霉素,氨苄西林的耐药率最高,分别100.00%,90.00%,84.62%;对红霉素,红霉素,红霉素的耐药率最低,分别为5.26%,0.00%,0.00%。结论:革兰阴性菌是脑卒中患者医院获得性肺炎的主要病原菌,病原菌耐药性高且存在耐多药现象,临床应合理选用抗菌药物进行治疗。     

广西壮族人群EBI3 基因rs6613A/T, rs4905A/G多态性分布特点

目的:分析广西壮族人群EBI3基因rs6613A/T、rs4905A/G多态性分布特点。方法:采用单碱基延伸的PCR技术对168例广西壮族人群EBI3 rs6613 A/T和EBI3 rs4905A/G进行多态性检测,对比国际人类基因组计划(Hap Map)公布的中国北京人、日本人、非洲人和意大利人的SNP分型数据,分析5个人群rs6613 A/T、rs4905A/G位点的基因型和等位基因频率差异。结果:在广西壮族人群中,EBI3基因rs6613 A/T位点AT基因型最常见,约为49.4%;T等位基因频率最高,约为52.1%;rs4905A/G多态性位点AC基因型最常见,约为48.2%;C等位基因频率最高,约为50.9%。EBI3基因型及等位基因频率分布于性别无显著相关性(P0.05)。广西壮族人群EBI3基因rs6613A/T位点基因型和等位基因频率与北京人差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但与非洲人、日本人、意大利人差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);EB-13基因rs4905A/G位点基因型和等位基因频率与北京人和日本人差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但与非洲人和意大利人比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:EBI3基因rs6613 A/T和EB-13 rs4905A/G多态性位点基因型和等位基因在广西壮族人群中的分布频率与其他种族和地区人群相比存在差异,这种差异可能是导致某些疾病在不同人群发病率和临床表现存在差异的原因之一。     

中国杜鹃花属云锦杜鹃亚组的研究

云锦杜鹃亚组是(Subsect. Fortunea)杜鹃花属内常绿杜鹃亚属(Subgenus Hymenanthes原始亚组之一。含有26种7个亚种和12个变种。根据形态特征,地理分布和种间关系,将所有的种分为7个植物群,每群有特征描述,还备有全部中国种的地理分市及一个有6个梢物群在四川的分布图和1个杭物群A到E的演化趋势图,并表明植物群F和G的孤立地位。进而说明了本亚组杜鹃花的现代分布中心在中国四川西部地区。     

Die intracytoplasmatische Organellenverteilung als Indikator gerichteter Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Kapillarsystem und zentralnervösen Zellkomplexen

Zusammenfassung Funktionelle Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Kapillarsystem und zentralnervösen Zellkomplexen wurden im Oberschlundganglion von Lumbricus terrestris L. mit einer weiterentwickelten morphometrischen Methode nach dem Punktzählverfahren sichtbar gemacht. Die Häufigkeitsverteilung von Mitochondrien und endoplasmatischem Retikulum (ER) wurde zur Charakterisierung der metabolischen Koppelung der Perikapillarzellen, Gliazellen und Neurone herangezogen. Danach sind die Neuron-Glia-Komplexe asymmetrisch um die Hirnkapillaren verteilt. Aus morphometrischen Befunden wird geschlossen, daß die Wege des transzellulären Metaboliten-Austausches, der von den unterschiedlichen Stoffwechselleistungen der Mitochondrien und des endoplasmatischen Retikulums abhängt, meist entgegengesetzt gerichtet sind. Zellsysteme mit Kapillarkontakt unterscheiden sich durch ihre auf Gefäße orientierte Häufigkeitsverteilung der Mitochondrien und des ER von kapillarfernen Neuron-Glia-Komplexen. Die Abhängigkeit der Neurone von der umgebenden Hüllglia wird in gefäßfernen Gebieten durch die gleichsinnige Ausrichtung der Häufigkeitsmaxima der Mitochondrien- und ER-Verteilung in beiden Zelltypen sichtbar.

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The intracellular distribution of organelles as an indicator of metabolie interrelationships between capillaries and cell complexes in the central nervous system of Lumbricus terrestris L.

Summary Results obtained in Lumbricus terrestris L. by a modified morphometric pointcounting method suggest functional interrelationships between the capillary system and certain nerve cell-glia complexes of the supraoesophageal ganglion. The distribution of the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the pericapillary cells, in the neuroglia and in the neurons was used to characterize different types of functional cell-coupling. Nerve cell-neuroglia complexes are arranged in an asymmetric pattern around the capillaries. On the basis of morphometric calculations it is shown that there are two main axes of distribution of mitochondria or ER which are arranged at right angles to each other. Therefore it is suggested that there exist two different types of transcellular metabolic pathways characterized by either high concentrations of mitochondria or ER. The orientation of the distribution frequencies of mitochondria and ER in juxtavascular neurons, glial-and pericapillary cells suggests that these cells are metabolically linked. In contrast to the juxtavascular cell complexes the distribution frequencies of mitochondria and ER in nerve cells and glial cells at some distance from the capillaries were not at right angles but overlapped. From this observation it is apparent that these peripheral neurons depend metabolically on their glial satellites.

Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.