The role of fish in distribution and germination of seeds of the submerged macrophytes Najas marina L. and Ruppia maritima L.

Summary The effects of three species of fish (tilapia, grass carp and common carp) on the seeds of Najas marina L. and of Ruppia maritima L. were investigated. Practically all the seeds that were injested by the common carp were digested. The two other fish were less affective: they digested seeds with soft seed-coats but excreted a good portion of the hard ones. Germination of the excreted seeds was improved. Seeds have been retained in the digestion tracts of the fish for up to 65 h. It is thus suggested that tilapias and grass-carps play a role in the distribution and the improvement of reproduction of Najas and Ruppia.     

中国乌头属分布式样的数值分析

本文运用聚类分析方法,将国产乌头属划为4个分布区,同时探讨了各区的地理、气候和植物区系特点以及该属植物的分布规律。     

Chorological and ecological phenomena in the differentiation and distribution of the Fagion associations in Bohemia and Moravia (Czechoslovakia)

The 10 Fagion associations bound to the western part of Czechoslovakia are conditioned both ecologically and chorologically in their species differentiation as well as geographical distribution. The division of the alliance into suballiances follows primarily the ecological phenomena. Within the Eu-Fagenion the associations form 3 groups conditioned by ecological factors.The Tilio platyphylli-Fagetum, Tilio cordatae-Fagetum, Melico-Fagetum and Carici pilosae-Fagetum represent associations of the submontane belt. The Tilio platyphylli-Fagetum is characterized by overlapping of Fagion and Carpinion species and by the absence of any Dentaria species due to chorological causes. The Tilio cordatae-Fagetum does not show any chorological phenomena in the species composition, however, it is limited to central, southern and western Bohemia only. The Melico-Fagetum is characterized by dominant Melica uniflora which is absent in the western and southern part of Bohemia. The Melico-Fagetum has even a more limited distribution occurring in northern and eastern Bohemia and in northern and central Moravia only. The Carici pilosae-Fagetum is characterized by Carex pilosa (dominant), Cephalanthera longifolia and Euphorbia amygdaloides; it is confined to the Carpathian province.The Dentario enneaphylli-Fagetum, Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum and Violo reichenbachianae-Fagetum represent a group of vicarious associations of the montane belt. The Dentario enneaphylli-Fagetum occurs mainly in the geographical province eská vysoina. Its eastern limit lies in the westernmost part of the Carpathian province where it forms a special subassociation and contacts the Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum. The latter association is characterized primarily by Dentaria glandulosa, a Carpathian endemic species. The Violo reichenbachianae-Fagetum is conditioned chorologically by the absence of any Dentaria species; it occurs in the mountains Kruné hory and Doupovské hory only.The Festuco-Fagetum is the single representant of the third group conditioned mainly by ecological factors.Nomenclature of species follows rothmaler et al. (1970).     

Die Fagus-Sippen Europas und ihre geographisch-soziologische Korrelation zur Verbreitung der Assoziationen des Fagion s.l.

Studies of the beeches and beech woods of eastern central Europe revealed, that in the postglacial period not only Fagus sylvatica (L.) emend. reimmigrated from the refugial territories in the SE-as has generally been accepted, but also the transitional taxa, which originated from hybrids with F. orientalis Lipsky. The NW area limit of these intermediate taxa must be revised. The presence in central Europe of these taxa-which form own Fagion alliances and associations in the SE (Fagus intermedia ssp. moesiaca and ssp. taurica) as well as the presence of other southeastern species in central European beach woods shows, that their postglacial development is parallel to, but different from other areas. The taxon Fagus intermedia (ssp. neglecta and ssp. transitus) became differential taxa of a central European region of the Fagion medioeuropaeum. Plant sociologists are therefore requested to make new and critical analyses of the beech woods in Europe, with special attention to the Fagus taxa, in order to establish in detail the geographical distribution and phytosociological significance of Fagus intermedia.The author offers to determine or revise Fagus material (herbarium collections).

Danksagung. Ich möchte meinen tiefsten und allzeitigen Dank besonders den Herren Prof. Dr. A. O. Horvat (Pécs), Prof. Dr. Ch. Moulopoulos, Prof. Dr. B. Jovanovié, Prof. Dr. I. Dumitriu-Tataranu, Prof. Dr. R. Bornkamm, Prof. Dr. M. A. Kotschkin, Prof. Dr. P. Fukarek, Prof. Dr. K. Browicz für gewährte Unterstützung aussprechen und ganz besonders unserem unvergeßlichen verstorbenen Prof. Dr. Drs. h.c. R. Tüxen, der mir zur Fortführung dieser Studien Mut machte.     

江西武夷山发现缅甸钝头蛇

2014年8月,在江西武夷山国家级自然保护区采集到3号蛇类标本,基于形态学比较,并结合线粒体细胞色素b基因（Cyt b）序列的分子系统关系重建,确定这3号标本为缅甸钝头蛇（Pareas hamptoni）,为江西省蛇类分布新记录种。     

灰腹地莺在四川的分布

因早期文献种名使用的混乱及后续的引证错误,长久以来普遍认为四川有金冠地莺(Tesia olivea)而无灰腹地莺(T.cyaniventer)的分布。经调查,初步确定了灰腹地莺在四川的分布,并建议将金冠地莺从四川鸟类分布名录中去除。     

Novel Endogenous Protein Kinase C Substrate Proteins, Neutrinins, in Brain Synaptic Membranes of Maturing Rat

Abstract: A new family of membrane phosphoproteins designated as P9, P12, P15, P16, and P20 with corresponding apparent molecular weights of 9K, 12K, 15K, 16K, and 20K was characterized from rat brain by using in vitro exogenous or endogenous phosphorylation and autoradiography. As the phosphorylation was selectively inhibited by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor PKC_19–31 or Ca²⁺-chelating reagents and again stimulated by the PKC activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, these proteins are thought to be the natural PKC substrates. Because P12, P15, P16, and P20 were neutral proteins (pl 7.0) and specifically distributed in neuronal membranes, the new family of membrane-associated PKC substrate proteins was referred to as neutrinins. Neutrinins were widely distributed in rat brain, being especially plentiful in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and midbrain, relatively scanty in the cerebral cortex, but lacking in cytosol of brain areas and cell membrane preparations of peripheral tissues. The expression of the developmental changes of neutrinins has been monitored by the in vitro exogenous phosphorylation approach, i.e., adding purified PKC to a deactivated synaptosomal plasma membrane system. Levels of all the neutrinin proteins in rat cerebral cortex, as represented by P12, P15, and P16, showed an ontogenetic increase from the early postnatal days to the adult. This appears to be correlated with the commencement of synaptogenesis.     

Zechstein 2 carbonate platform subfacies and grain-type distribution (Upper Permian,Northwest Germany)

Summary The Upper Permian Zechstein 2 Carbonate (Stassfurt Carbonate, or Ca2) platform facies of Northwest Germany can be subdivided into twelve subfacies types using slabbed cores from fifteen representative wells. Thin section and scanning microscopic analysis further provide subfacies-specific characteristics, based on distribution, size, shape, and spatial arrangement of the grains contained in the different subfacies types. Thirteen grain types can be distinguished within the different subfacies types on the Ca2-platform: 1) one type of oncoid, 2) one type of grapestone, 3) three types of peloids, 4) four types of ooids and 5) four types of aggregate grains. Both presence and composition of grains are indicative of the different subfacies types. There is also a relation between grain composition and porosity of the Ca2-subfacies types. The size and quantity of ooids correlate positively with increasing porosity, whereas an increasing amount of algal structures (algal-lamination) correlates negatively with porosity. The Ca2-platform carbonates almost exclusively represent highstand systems tract and lowstand systems tract deposits. The presence or absence of type-3 aggregate grains within the grainy shoal and algal-laminated shoal subfacies allows the assignment of these subfacies to highstand (grains absent) or lowstand (grains present) systems tracts deposits. The Ca2-highstand deposits can be subdivided into four shallowing-upward parasequences (PS3 to PS7) bounded by parasequence boundaries (PSB3 to PSB6) and Zechstein sequence boundary ZSB4. In contrast to macroscopic core studies, microscopic studies to identify Ca2-subfacies types can utilize cutting material. This allows reconstruction of the subfacies distribution on the Ca2-platform, and delineation of potentially porous zones in uncored Ca2 intervals.     

陕西汉中地区黑熊的现状,分布及保护措施

１９９１－１９９３年,作者在陕西省汉中林区采用三阶抽样设计调查并询访群众,求算每个所选择的最小样本单位（三级区）的方差,推算黑熊整体数量。根据黑熊数量将该地林区划分为３个密度区级：高密度区（０．０３头／ｋｍ￣２以上）,秦岭中山区;中密度区（０．０１－０．０２９头／ｋｍ￣２）,巴山中山区;低密度区（０．０１头／ｋｍ￣２以下）,秦巴低山丘陵区。全区有黑熊３１２头,平均密度０．０３５／ｋｍ￣２,遍布１０县１６６个乡。分析了各地黑熊数量多寡的原因,提出了相应的保护措施。     

Comparative ecology of prickly sculpin,Cottus asper,and coastrange sculpin,C. aleuticus,in the Eel River,California

Synopsis We documented species' distributions, size structure of populations, abundance in mainstem and tributary streams, habitat use, and diets of prickly sculpin, Cottus asper, and coastrange sculpin, C. aleuticus, in the Eel River drainage of California, to determine the processes allowing coexistence of these very similar fishes. We observed prickly sculpins at 43 sites and coastrange sculpins at 34. The species co-occurred at 26 sites. Young-of-year coastrange sculpins were only observed within 42 km of the ocean, but young-of-year prickly sculpins were present throughout the species range. Mean, maximum, and minimum lengths of coastrange sculpins were positively correlated with distance from the ocean but no significant relationships were found for prickly sculpins. Absolute abundance of both species was highest in mainstem habitat (prickly sculpins = 0.6 sculpins m^–2 and coastrange sculpins = 0.4 sculpins m^–2) . Tributary densities of both species tended to be less than 0.1 sculpins m^–2. The species inhabited very similar habitats and had very similar diets. Coastrange sculpin populations in upstream areas were maintained by immigration from downstream areas in contrast with prickly sculpin populations that produced young-of-year fish throughout their range. Densities were probably not high enough for interspecific interactions to be important. The factors limiting the upstream distribution of the species may include high water temperatures, stability of the stream bed, and behavior of the fish. In the past, the range of sculpins within the Eel River drainage probably fluctuated with changing physical conditions. Recent introductions of exotic species that compete with and prey upon sculpins, and ongoing human activities in the drainage could result in major reductions in the distribution and abundance of one or both species.