Studies on Morphological Evolution,Classification and Distribution of the Triticeae in China

_{The classification and the relationships among the genera of Chinese Triticeae were studied based on morphological characters with reference to geographical distribution and habitat conditions. The spike of Triticeae might have been derived from a panicled inflorescence like that in the Bromeae through a racemose inflorescence like the one in the Brachypodieae. There might be three evolutionary lines in the tribe. 1. Pedicels of the panicled inflorescence have become short and bracts decreased in size, which has resulted in a panicled spike with indefinite spikelets or false solitary spikelets at each node of rachis. The middle ribes of both glumes and lemmas and rachilla are not in a single plane. 2. A simple spike with usual solitary spikelets at each node of rachis has been derived from the raceme. The middle ribe of both glumes and lemmas and rachilla are in a single plane. 3. A cymose spike with 3-spikelets at each node of rachis has evolved from the cymose panicle. The glume on the central spikelet is behind the lemma, while those on the lateral spikelets are on lateral sides of the lemmas. From what we have described above Triticeae may be divided into three subtribes: Elyminae, Triticinae and Hordeinae. Then according to the morphological characters of glume, lemma and other organs as well as the habitats and distribution, the native and introduced triticeous plants are classified into 13 genera (Leymus, Elymus, Roegneria, Elytrigia, Aegilops, Triticum, Agropyron, Eremopyrum, Secale, Haynaldia, Psathyrostachys, Hordeum and Hystrix) and their relationships are also discussed meanwhile.}     

A Preliminary Study on the Taxonomy of the Family Magnoliaceae

A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed. This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology. Different authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I). Since I have been engaged in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family. According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors. The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic. In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan. Moreover, one genus (Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region. The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world. The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family. Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus. These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae. It is worthwhile discussing their morphological characters and distributional patterns as follows: The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel. This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae. Eighteen out of a total of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis and M. megaphylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang. There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7). The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole. The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas and northeast India. The evergreen species are distributed from northeast Yunnan (China) to the Malay Archipelago. In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primitive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, anthers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few. Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to the second largest genus of the family. About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca, and M. flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center of the family under discussion) and extend eastwards to Taiwan of China, southern Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China. westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7). The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan and radiate from there. The farther away from the centre, the less members we are able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology. In this old geographical centre there are more primitive species, more endemics and more monotypic genera. Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan, China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world.     

中国壳斗科的地理分布及其与气候条件的关系

壳斗科是温带、亚热带最重要的森林树种之一,在我国有7属350多种和变种,呈北东东—南西西向分布,几乎遍及全国,在亚热带和温带森林中,常成为重要的建群种。壳斗科在我国总体上是北温带—亚热带分布类型。本文对壳斗科的物种丰富度分布、特有性分布及其与气候地理条件的关系进行了研究,并提出种类特有性的指数(EI,Endemic Index)：EI=(N/∑Ki)×10 研究发现,分布的物种丰富度中心在滇、桂、黔一带,而特有性中心则在滇、藏、琼等地。另外,通过逐步回归及比较分析,发现水热状况往往成为限制壳斗科物种丰富度分布格局的主导因子。而海峡等生态、地理隔离因子及空间异质性等对特有性指数的增加有明显的促进作用。影响物种丰富度与特有性指数分布的生态因子往往有较大的差异。     

中国油松林生产力格局与模拟

基于全国３８０块样地资料,从宏观上阐明了油松林生物生产力的分布格局,建立了联系叶面积指数分布规律和地植物学知识的生产力水热相关模型与地理分布模型．在油松正常分布范围内（年均气温２～１４℃,年降水量４００／３００～７００／９００ｍｍ）,林分叶面积指数随年均气温的变化呈指数递减的函数关系,这是油松林适应水分协迫环境的一种机制．     

长喙毛茛泽泻的种群分布格局和群落内种间关联

长喙毛茛泽泻茶陵种群呈斑块分布,格局类型为聚集分布型,每个亚种群也呈聚集分布,但聚集强度不同。长喙毛茛泽泻与其几个主要伴生种的相关性经测定结果是：与莼菜及黄花狸藻之间的相关性不显著;与柳叶箬、双穗雀稗及石龙尾之间正相关显著;与疏勿蓼之间负相关显著,长喙毛茛泽泻种子近距离传播以及无性繁殖特性是造成其聚集分布的主要原因。柳叶箬、双穗雀稗和石龙尾对长喙毛茛泽泻具有极强的竞争作用。     

我国水青冈属植物的地理分布格局及其与地形的关系

利用我国水青冈属（ＦａｇｕｓＬ．）植物的地理分布资料和１∶１００万地形图资料,利用Ｋｒｉｇｅ空间统计方法对我国分布较广的４种水青冈,即长柄水青冈（Ｆ．ｌｏｎｇｉｐｅｔｉｏｌａｔａＳｅｅｍ．ｅｔＤｉｅｌｓ）、亮叶水青冈（Ｆ．ｌｕｃｉｄａＲｅｈｄ．ｅｔＷｉｌｓ．）、米心水青冈（Ｆ．ｅｎｇｌｅｒｉａｎａＳｅｅｍ．）和巴山水青冈（Ｆ．ｂａｓｈａｎｉｃａＹａｎｇ）的空间分布格局及其与地形的关系进行了研究。结果表明,我国水青冈属植物显示出南北变化较小、东西变化显著,一些区域出现较周围地区较高或较低分布的“岛屿化”现象的空间分布格局。这与我国的地形特征以及水青冈的生态特性等有关。沿不同经向剖面,分析水青冈的分布高度与地形平均高度之间的关系显示,随地形高度的增加,水青冈分布上限的高度也逐渐增加,其趋势可用对数或直线拟合,但不同种对地形高度变化的反应存在差异。这些结果不仅从较大尺度上定量说明了我国水青冈分布高度的山体效应现象,也揭示了物种间山体效应的差异。这种差异可能与物种的生态适应性和生态幅度有关。     

对大鲵自然种群在河北省(含京津)分布的质疑

在多年对野生动物种群调查的基础上, 通过检索河北省（含京津） 境内９２ 个市县, 自明清时代至今的近２００ 卷册地方志和走访有关学者, 分析并确定在河北省境内并无大鲵自然种群的分布。在部分地区偶见大鲵成体, 乃为幼鲵自繁殖地被偶然携带至该地而异地育肥的结果。     

陕西米仓山自然保护区发现藏酋猴分布

2013年8月下旬至2013年12月上旬,在陕西米仓山自然保护区首先通过走访询问确定预调查区域,然后采用“V”型路线法进行调查。发现保护区内茶园附近山体中部陡峭悬崖区域向阳侧的落叶阔叶林带（107°38′～107°39′E, 32°62′N, 海拔: 1 424 m～1 589 m）至少有1群藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)分布,共有个体约35只,并按年龄结构组成初步预测该群体处于增长中。     

Development of a simple proton nuclear magnetic resonance-based procedure to estimate the approximate distribution coefficient at physiological pH (log D7.4): Evaluation and comparison to existing practices

In drug discovery, lipophilicity is a key parameter for drug optimization. Lipophilicity determinations can be both work and time consuming, especially for non-UV active compounds. Herein, an improved and simple 1H NMR-based method is described to estimate the lipophilicity at physiological pH (log D_7.4) in 1-octanol and D₂O buffer. The method can be applied to both UV and non-UV active compounds. In addition, neither calibration curves nor internal/external standards are needed. We have demonstrated that log D_7.4 can be accurately measured using 1H NMR for compounds within the log D_7.4 interval between 0.7 and 3.3. The method was also compared to a previously described HPLC method.     

滨海深古菌的研究进展

深古菌(Bathyarchaeota),原名MCG(Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group)古菌,是一类至今未被分离培养的古菌,普遍存在于海洋和陆地环境中。深古菌具有极高的种群多样性,目前已发现多达23个亚群。深古菌具有多种生理生化功能,能降解蛋白质、多聚碳水化合物、脂肪酸、芳香族化合物和甲基化合物等有机质,参与甲烷代谢循环,产乙酸,异化还原亚硝酸盐和硫酸盐,很可能是地球碳元素循环的重要驱动力之一。本文简要概述了深古菌的研究发展历史,阐述了深古菌的分子系统发育分析、分布和基于基因组的生理特征研究的最新进展,总结了滨海深古菌的研究现状,并对滨海深古菌研究的发展方向进行了分析和展望。