入侵杂草化感作用的细胞自动机模拟研究

细胞自动机模型(Cellular Automata Model,简称CA模型)是一种能够表现系统复杂行为的模拟方法,适于研究植物群落时空动态过程.本文利用CA模型,模拟具有化感作用的外来种入侵原有物种所构成植被的过程.模型由产生化感物质的外来种和两个对化感物质敏感性不同的本地种组合成不同类型的群落,利用化感物质作用下受体物种生物活性响应模型及种子扩散负指数分布模型,模拟外来杂草和本地种分布格局的时空动态变化.结果表明,外来种可成功地完全入侵由两个对化感物质敏感的本地种构成的群落空间,但对于由对化感物质敏感的一个本地种及对化感物质具有抗性的另一个本地种构成的群落,外来种只能够与本地种共存.     

从空间分布特征认识珍稀植物领春木的种群动态

领春木(Euptelea pleiosperrnum)系第三纪孑遗植物和东亚特有种,目前已被列为国家Ⅲ级重点保护植物.基于空间定位数据以最近邻体距离统计研究了神农架地区领春木的空间分布特征,比较幼苗(DBH≤2.5cm)、幼树(2.5～7.5cm)和成树(＞7.5cm)各径级(代表各生活史阶段)形成的时间序列上的空间格局差异,进而探讨空间格局与立苗、补员、种内竞争等种群动态过程的相互关系.结果显示,在邻域尺度上,领春木的空间格局呈聚集态;幼苗(或幼树)的大小与其距离最近幼树(或成树)的远近没有相关性,幼树(或成树)周围一定距离以内出现同等大小个体的概率约等于幼苗(或幼树)出现的概率,且幼树与最近幼苗(或成树与最近幼树)的平均距离与幼树之间(或成树之间)的平均最近邻体距离没有显著差异;任意个体的大小、任意个体与相应最近邻体的大小之和与相应的最近邻体距离均为显著的正相关关系,但幼树间的最近邻体距离并不大于幼苗随机死亡产生的最近邻体距离,成树间最近邻体距离也不大于幼苗+幼树随机死亡产生的最近邻体距离.这些结果表明,领春木的聚集分布可能与种子散布、生境异质性对立苗格局的作用有关;已定植的大个体可能不限制其邻域内小个体的布局与生长,但是长期的补员过程与邻体间的相互作用不无关系;邻体间存在一定程度的竞争作用,但是竞争强度并未充分激化至发生距离依赖的死亡.     

Can we measure ecological sustainability? Landscape pattern as an indicator for naturalness and land use intensity at regional,national and European level

European landscapes have been shaped over the centuries by processes related to human land use, which are reflected in regionally distinct landscape patterns. Since landscape pattern has been linked to biodiversity and other ecological values of the landscapes, this paper explores landscape pattern as a tool for ecological sustainability assessments at the regional (Austrian Cultural Landscapes), national (Austria) and European (European Union + Norway, Switzerland) level with focus on agricultural landscapes. A set of landscape metrics served as a basis to assess naturalness and geometrisation of Austrian and European landscapes as a proxy for their sustainability. To achieve an accurate spatially explicit assessment, we applied a spatial reference framework consisting in units that are homogeneous in biophysical and socio-economic contexts, adapted the regional approach for its application at European level, and developed relative sustainability thresholds for the landscape metrics. The analyses revealed that several landscape metrics, particularly the “Number of Shape Characterising Points” showed a high correlation with the degree of naturalness. The sustainability map of Austria based on an ordinal regression model revealed well-known problem regions of ecological sustainability. At the European level, the relative deviation from the average pattern showed clearly the simplification processes in the landscapes. However, a better spatial resolution of land cover data would add to the refinement of pattern analysis in regions and therefore the assessment of sustainability. We recommend the combination of information of different scales for the formulation and implementation of sustainability policies.     

小麦转录因子TaWRKY74-c和TaWRKY74-d基因的克隆及基于生物信息学的功能分析

WRKY基因是近年来研究较为广泛的植物转录因子,目前许多物种中都克隆出WRKY基因。近年来,小麦中也有WRKY基因被克隆,但是由于对WRKY基因生物信息学分析不足,导致研究带有一定的盲目性。本试验以小麦品种扬麦158叶片为材料,分离了2个WRKY基因,分别编码344个和371个氨基酸,与GenBank数据库中的TaWRKY74基因高度同源,命名为TaWRKY74-c和TaWRKY74-d。蛋白质保守结构域分析表明,2个基因都含有1个WRKY保守结构域,属于Ⅲ类WRKY转录因子家族。定量PCR分析表明TaWRKY74-c和TaWRKY74-d在小麦的叶片、花和茎中均表达,且在茎中的表达量最多,在花中的表达量最少。采用Genevestigator转录组分析工具,对基因在331种环境条件(如逆境、病害、激素等刺激)、10个发育时期(如苗期、孕穗期等)和21种组织器官(如根、花、叶等)中的表达进行了分析,结果表明,该基因在小麦不同发育时期和组织器官中都有表达,且在植物遭受低温、病原体侵染等环境因子处理下,表达量发生显著改变,预示可能参与到这些生物学过程中。采用RT-PCR的方法对上述分析结果进行验证,结果表明生物学实验与生物信息学预测的结果一致。本研究将大量小麦转录组的数据应用到WRKY基因功能分析上,深化了对小麦WRKY基因家族成员功能的认识,为今后对该基因的表达分析和功能研究提供了重要线索和方向。     

Seedling establishment in relation to microhabitat variation in a windthrow gap in a boreal Pinus sylvestris forest

Abstract. The characteristics of microhabitats of established Pinus sylvestris and Betula seedlings were studied in a small windthrow gap in a mature P. sylvestris-dominated forest in the Petkeljärvi National Park in eastern Finland. Seedlings were strongly clustered in disturbed microhabitats, particularly uprooting pits and mounds, formed by tree falls. They covered 3% of the 0.3.ha study area consisting of the gap and some of the forest edge. Although Betula occurred only as scattered individuals in the dominant canopy layer of the forest, it accounted for 30% of the seedlings found in the study area. Betula regeneration was almost completely restricted to pits and mounds, where 91% of the seedlings were found. Uprooting spots were also the most important regeneration microhabitats for Pinus, where 60% of the seedlings grew, even though the seedlings were found in other substrates as well, particularly on sufficiently decomposed coarse wood. Undisturbed field- and bottom-layer vegetation had effectively hindered tree seedling establishment, which emphasises the role of soil disturbance for regeneration. While the establishment of seedlings was found to be clearly determined by the availability of favourable regeneration microhabitats, the early growth of seedlings was affected by a complex interaction of environmental variables, including the type of microhabitat, radiation environment and interferences caused by competing seedlings and adjacent trees. In the most important regeneration microhabitats, i.e. in uprooting pits and on mounds, the distributions of the local elevations of Pinus and Betula seedlings were different. Pinus seedlings occurred closer to ground level, i.e. on the fringes of pits and lower on mounds, while Betula seedlings grew deeper in pits and higher on mounds. The position of the Betula seedlings indicate that they may have a competitive advantage over Pinus seedlings in the dense seedling groups occurring in uprooting spots. We suggest that this initial difference in Pinus and Betula establishment may affect the subsequent within-gap tree species succession and can, in part, explain the general occurrence of Betula in conifer-dominated boreal forests.     

Sexual dimorphism in clonal growth forms and ramet distribution patterns in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rumex acetosella</Emphasis> (Polygonaceae)

We investigated clonal traits in the dioecious herb Rumex acetosella to characterize sexual dimorphism in clonal forms and to correlate below-ground clonal patterns and above-ground ramet distributions. We recorded creeping root length, branching patterns, ramet and clump (caespitose ramets from the same position on the root) sprouting patterns, and biomass allocations in three females and males. We also estimated the patch size of flowering ramets within a quadrat. No sexual dimorphism was detected in the frequencies of branches and flowering ramets per root length. Male plants allocated proportionally more biomass to below-ground organs. Total root length did not differ between the sexes. Females sprouted more clumps with fewer flowering ramets per root length than males, which sprouted fewer clumps with more flowering ramets, which meant that clump sprouting patterns were phalanx-like in females and guerrilla-like in males. Flowering ramets were aggregately distributed in both females and males and patch sizes were similar between sexes, indicating that the spreader propagations were not found in the guerrilla-like males. We assumed that sexual dimorphism occurred in response to physiological integration for higher reproductive effort in females.     

采伐干扰对林下草本根系生物量与土壤环境异质性关系的影响

结合统计学和地统计学的理论,探讨了采伐干扰对华北落叶松林下草本根系生物量空间异质性及与林下土壤含水量、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、pH及华北落叶松细根生物量空间异质性的关联性。结果表明,采伐干扰样地草本根系生物量为 31.17 g/m²,明显小于未干扰样地(72.01 g/m²);采伐干扰导致草本根系生物量更多地向表层积聚。0~10 cm土层,采伐干扰样地草本根系生物量的空间异质性(C₀+C=31330.0)和空间自相关性(C/C₀+C=92.5%)明显增强,表现出较强的空间依赖性。采伐干扰后,土壤水分、全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮对草本根系生物量的相关性增强;未采伐干扰样地华北落叶松细根生物量与草本根系生物量的相关性较强。     

Bicuculline对小鼠中脑下丘听神经元

采用微电泳技术考察了GABAA受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱（bicuculline）,对小鼠中脑下丘听神经元强度-放电率曲线、频率调谐曲线和听空间反应域的影响。结果表明,微电泳bicuculline使听神经元的放电率显著提高,多数神经元的强度-放电率曲线变为单调型;听神经元频率调谐曲线加宽,并且对曲线上部的作用更加明显;听神经元的听空间反应域增大,方向敏感性降低。实验结果提示了GABA能抑制在下丘听信息处理中的重要作用。     

天然林不同强度择伐后林分空间结构变化动态

基于长期跟踪复测数据,利用混交度、大小比数和角尺度3个结构参数,研究了4种不同强度择伐(弱度13.O％、中度29.1％、强度45.8％、极强度67.1％)后天然林林分空间结构的变化动态.结果表明:弱度和中度择伐后林分平均混交度和大小比数呈增长趋势,强度和极强度择伐则呈下降趋势;择伐并未改变林木的空间分布格局,各样地林分均为聚集分布,中度择伐处于随机分布状态的林木数大幅增加.总的来说,弱度和中度择伐后林分空间结构正趋向优化.