太空诱变对金钗石斛光合特性和生长的影响

为了解太空诱变对金钗石斛(Dendrobium nobile)生长发育的影响,对太空诱变和野生金钗石斛的叶片结构、光合特性和生长指标进行了比较研究。结果表明,太空诱变后的金钗石斛叶片较厚,叶气孔密度大、气孔器长轴和短轴长度均变长。两种金钗石斛的光合速率日变化趋势相似,均为双峰型曲线,但太空诱变的净光合速率低于野生的。太空诱变和野生金钗石斛最大净光合速率分别为4.6和6.8μmol m~(–2)s~(–1),光补偿点分别为18.3和12.6μmol m~(–2)s~(–1),光饱和点分别为1180和720μmol m~(–2)s~(–1)。太空诱变和野生金钗石斛的CO_2补偿点分别为100和102μmol mol(–1),CO_2饱和点分别为2215和2090μmol mol(–1)。太空诱变的金钗石斛单茎鲜重和干重均低于野生种,但由于其分蘖数增加,每盆的总生物量反而增加;太空诱变的金钗石斛生物碱和石斛多糖含量显著高于野生种。因此,太空诱变为金钗石斛育种和品质改良提供了新途径。     

叠加极低频噪声磁场诘抗连续微波对水迷宫大鼠认知行为负作用的实验观察

暴露于2450MHz连续(CW)微波 (功率密度 :2mW/cm2,SAR :1.2W/kg)的大鼠在水迷宫训练期特别是检测期显示了认知功能的下降 ,表明了空间“工作记忆”的消弱。但是 ,同时施加一个极低频 (ELF)噪声磁场 (rms:10μT) ,上述负效应完全消失。这一动物行为学结果暗示 ,时间不相干而空间相干的低强度ELF噪声磁场能长程抗拮大鼠对连续微波的负作用。     

生态学的时空特性(英文)

 众所周知,几乎所有的生态学特征和现象都受限于一定的时间和空间。因此,相应的科学假设和相关的生态学结论也只能基于这些特定的时空尺度范围。我们利用颇为熟知的事例,引用生态学文献中的具体实例,提纲挈领地论述了时空在生态学研究中的重要性。这些实例包括我们在长白山对云、冷杉(Picea jezoensis, Abies nephrolepis)林林冠结构的模拟、在北美应用遥感和气象方法对碳通量的估算,以及测定湿地生态系统对加温的反应等。文中所涉及的所有生态学现象,对时间和空间都有强烈的依赖性。因而, 从生态学问题的提出,到科学假设的演绎,以至试验设计和综合数据分析,都必须以时、空为前提,才不至于导致荒谬结论。     

全球气候治理新进展——区域碳排放权分配研究综述

碳排放权作为稀缺的公共资源,其实质是一种新型发展权。科学合理分配有限的碳排放权对实现《巴黎协定》温控目标至关重要。从原则、方法、尺度与方案等维度对碳排放权分配的文献成果进行了系统梳理与归纳。研究表明,国内外学者大多基于公平性和效率性原则探索碳排放权分配;分配方法分为指标法、博弈论法、数据包络分析法和综合法等,各有利弊和适用条件;分配尺度大多涉及国际和区际两个层面,前者由于各国不同的利益诉求较难形成共识性方案,后者主要关注省际分配,更小尺度的研究相对较少。未来碳排放权分配研究趋向于多原则兼顾、多方法联用,涵盖国际、省际、市际及行业、企业等不同尺度。本研究可为制定科学合理的碳排放权分配方案提供理论依据,为我国更为积极有效地参与全球气候治理提供决策参考。     

Structure of antimicrobial peptides and lipid membranes probed by interface-sensitive X-ray scattering

The conformation and correlations of amphiphilic and antimicrobial peptides and the associated changes of lipid bilayers can be studied in oriented lipid membranes deposited on solid substrates. Here we review recent work on these systems, as studied by modern interface-sensitive X-ray and neutron scattering methods. Density profile, short range order of acyl chains and molecular conformations of peptides and lipids are probed in the fluid state of the bilayer. With an emphasis on technical aspects, we review recent work illustrating the potential of the methods and discuss its potential in the field.     

凉水自然保护区松鼠的越冬行为策略

在2006 年冬季预观察的基础上,于2007 年10 月31 日至2008 年3 月25 日在40 hm2 范围内使用无线电颈圈和彩色塑料颈圈标记8 只松鼠。结合无线电追踪技术和雪地痕迹技术,采用目标取样法对凉水自然保护区冬季松鼠行为进行了连续21 周的定位观察,以研究松鼠行为节律、空间行为和重取行为对冬季低温条件的响应。结果表明,松鼠冬季的活动节律为单峰型,随着气温的下降显著延后出巢时间(Kendall τ test;n = 21,r =- 0.92,τ = - 0.86,P < 0. 0001), 缩短活动时长(Kendall τ test; n = 21,r =0.80,τ = 0.68,P <0.0001)。松鼠冬季家域近似椭圆形(面积2.46 ±0.09 hm² ), 未见个体间家域重叠。秋季松鼠将红松种子分散贮藏于整个家域范围内,但重取行为相对集中于几个主要区域(重取区)。依据巢和重取区的位置特征及其利用率可将家域划分为3 个部分:主区位于家域的中段,辅区靠近红松母树林,次辅区位于家域远离红松母树林一侧。贮藏的红松种子是松鼠冬季唯一的食物来源。在冬季的不同阶段,松鼠对不同重取区的利用率显著不同(初冬,Kruskal-
Wallis test;df = 2, x² = 5.65, P = 0.0594; 隆冬,Kruskal-Wallis test;df = 2,x² = 14.24, P = 0.0008; 晚冬,One-Way ANOVA Test,df = 2,18, F = 7.00,P = 0.0056), 位于主区(初冬利用率37.8 ± 7.7% ,隆冬利用率80.5 ±9.2% ,晚冬利用率40.5 ±2.7% )和辅区(初冬利用率41.8 ± 5.9% ,隆冬利用率14.8 ± 9.2% ,晚冬利用率37.8 ± 4.9% )的重取区是松鼠的主要重取区。随着时间推移空取率显著提高(Kruskal-Wallis test;df = 2,x² = 16.60,P = 0.0002)的现象提示松鼠很可能依靠空间记忆取回贮藏的食物。轮换利用多个巢(6 ± 1)有助于降低松鼠被天敌捕食的风险。这些巢都分布在重取区附近,巢的利用与重取区的利用显著相关(Kendall τ test;主区:n = 217,r = 0.79,τ = 0.6256,P = 0.0003;辅区:n = 171,r = 0.67,τ = 0.6186,P = 0.0006;次辅区:n = 88,r = 0.74,τ = 0.6565,P = 0.0006),松鼠通常取食后即直接进入就近的巢过夜,有助于松鼠减少
能量损耗。多域集中重取及相应的巢轮换策略是松鼠对冬季低温环境及天敌捕食压力的综合响应。     

Old holm oak coppices . . . new sylvopastoral practices

In the south of France, holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) woodlands, particularly coppices, are currently used by livestock farmers. For this vegetation, a grazing allowance is available, based on the relationship between various layers. As far as livestock is concerned, such woodlands can be utilized for many purposes, e.g. stock feeding during critical periods and to provide flexibility to the pasture grazing sequence. Furthermore, the related grazing intake patterns determine the level of holm oak utilization. Practices integrating both wood and livestock production provide a new perspective to the management of these woodlands in that the presence of livestock promotes specific operations which can lead to more diversified forestry. The renewal of both wood and pastoral resources depends on: (i) the initial level of integration of these two activities and (ii) subsequent technical operations. In the present paper a midterm management scenario is developed which describes the likely development of woodlands with multiple use and periodic thinning.     

Temporary grazing exclusion promotes rapid recovery of species richness and productivity in a long‐term overgrazed Campos grassland

Moderate grazing intensity is considered the basic requirement to enhance ecosystem function in grasslands. Yet, deterioration by overgrazing is common in many biomes, including Campos grasslands in South America. Understanding how grazing management can lead to recovery of ecosystem function is essential to design and implement effective strategies for sustainable use of this resource. In a long‐term field experiment carried out in Southern Brazil, we studied the effects of temporal grazing exclusions (spring or fall) at moderate and severe livestock grazing intensities (maintained by adjusting contrasting forage allowances) on the species richness, botanical composition, forage mass, sward height, and photosynthetic active radiation intercepted. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications of grazing exclusions, applied simultaneously at moderate and severe grazing intensities. Moderate grazing intensity showed a bimodal structure of shorter and taller canopies, and high species richness. Severe grazing created a shorter and homogeneous sward structure characterized by less standing biomass and species loss. In response to grazing exclusions, sward height, standing biomass, and light interception recovered almost to the levels of moderate grazing. Further, within 2 years grass species richness increased and botanical composition changed toward grasses with erect habit prevailing in moderate grazing intensity. Our study confirms that (1) moderate grazing intensities allow the coexistence of high number of species and (2) spring grazing exclusions of long‐term overgrazed grasslands can lead to a quick start to recover the grass species richness, primary productivity, and species composition like that prevailing in well‐managed grasslands.     

Plane of nutrition during the rearing phase for replacement ewes of four genotypes: I – effects on growth and development,and on ovulation rate at first joining

Plane of nutrition (PN) offered to ewe replacements during the rearing phase (8 to 17 months) affects BW at joining and may affect reproductive performance when joined at ~19 months. The effects of PN offered to ewe replacements during their first winter (winter_1) and second summer (summer_2) were evaluated over 3 consecutive years, using 287 spring-born ewe lambs, representing four genotypes (Belclare (Bel), Charmoise×Scottish Blackface (C×SBF), Bel×SBF (Bel×SBF), Bel×SBF that were heterozygous either FecG^H or FecX^G mutations that increase ovulation rate (OR) (BelMG×SBF)). During extended (deferred) grazing in winter_1 (November to March) the lambs were offered herbage DM allowances (HA) of 0.75 (L) or 1.75 (H) kg/day. During summer_2 (March to August) the replacements were set stocked to maintain sward heights of 4 (L) or 6 (H) cm, thus yielding a 2×2 factorial design for the nutrition treatments (71 to 73 animals/treatment). Increasing HA during winter_1, and residual sward height during summer_2, increased (P<0.001) BW and body size at joining (19 months) but had no effect (P>0.05) on OR. Mean BW at joining was 53.3, 56.8, 56.6 and 61.7 (SEM 0.74) kg for ewes offered the LL, LH, HL and HH treatments, respectively. Mean OR of C×SBF and BelMG×SBF differed (P<0.001) from that of Bel×SBF by −0.58 and +0.47, respectively. Correlations between linear measurements (LMs) of body size and BW at 7, 12 and 17 months were all positive and significant (P<0.001). The precision of the set of LMs as a predictor of BW at joining improved with age (R² 0.46, 0.54 and 0.74 at 7, 12 and 17 months) but BW at a given age was a better predictor at all age time points. Chest girth was the best predictor, among the LMs, of BW at joining and its explanatory power increased with age. Equations developed using LMs at 7, 12 or 17 months, to predict BW at joining exhibited biases of −2.1, −1.5 and +0.9 kg, respectively. It is concluded that whilst altering PN during the rearing phase changed BW by 16% it had no effect on OR. There was no interaction (P>0.05) between the PN offered during winter_1 and summer_2, or PN and ewe genotype for BW at joining or OR. LMs, either at 7, 12 or 17 months of age, are useful predictors of BW at joining.