Comparison of ecophysiological responses to heavy snow in two varieties ofAucuba japonica with different areas of distribution

Aucuba japonica varieties are common evergreen understory shrubs in Japan.Aucuba japonica var.borealis is distributed on the Sea of Japan side of Honshu and Hokkaido where heavy snow cover lasts for more than 3 months in winter.Aucuba japonica var.japonica is distributed in areas with shallow or no snow on the Pacific Ocean side of Honshu and Shikoku. The ecophysiological characteristics of var.borealis were compared with those of var.japonica to examine the effects of heavy and long-term snow cover on the life cycle of var.borealis. Shoots of both varieties were shaded in crushed ice for 110 days, but their photosynthetic activities, chlorophyll contents and the chlorophylla/b ratio was not affected. The leaves of var.borealis were no less frost tolerant than those of var.japonica. In spite of the difference in environmental factors, both varieties had similar characteristics in seasonal changes of photosynthesis, respiration and chlorophylla/b ratio. These results suggest that var.japonica could survive in areas with heavy snow where it does not normally occur. Leaf net production (LNP) was estimated based on the microclimatic data and seasonal photosynthetic and respiration rates. The difference in the annual LNP between the two varieties was equivalent to the difference in the LNP during the snow season. One of the major effects of snow cover is to interrupt and reduce the production period of var.borealis.     

西南山地流域NDVI变化特征及降水敏感性——以贵州沅江流域为例

归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)是反映植被生长的重要指标,探究其时空变化特征,对生态保护、退耕还林和灾害防治具有重要意义。选取2000—2015年贵州沅江流域典型年份NDVI,采用重心分析、标准差椭圆、地理加权回归等方法,从干旱视角探究流域NDVI变化和降水敏感性。得出以下结论:(1)2000—2015年贵州沅江流域NDVI总体处于上升趋势,植被正在改善,期间西部植被改善最为明显,退耕还林还草取得较好成果。(2)2000—2015年贵州沅江流域干旱年与正常年NDVI空间变化趋势不一致,干旱程度对植被影响具有区域差异。(3)贵州沅江流域NDVI与降水呈负相关,空间敏感性自西向东递增,降水对流域西部喀斯特山区NDVI影响更明显。(4)2000—2015年贵州沅江流域NDVI时段变化与降水主要为负相关,降水越多NDVI时段变化敏感性越弱,退耕还林还草工程应重点放在负敏感区。研究结果可为退耕还林还草和干旱灾害防治提供科学参考。     

A revision of Japanese species of the genus Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera,Silvanidae)

Japanese species of the genus Psammoecus Latreille, 1829 are taxonomically revised. Four new species, P. scitus sp. n. (misidentified with P. quadrimaculatus), P. labyrinthicus sp. n., P. boreas sp. n. and P. omotoensis sp. n. are described. Psammoecus bipunctatus (Fabricius, 1792), P. trimaculatus Motschulsky, 1858 (misidentified with P. triguttatus), P. simoni Grouvelle, 1892, P. fasciatus Reitter, 1874 and P. triguttatus are redescribed. Another described species whose distribution in Japan is questionable. P. quadrimaculatus is also redescribed. Lectotype and paralectotype of P. fasciatus and P. triguttatus are designated.     

中国西南纵向岭谷区外来入侵植物对生物多样性的影响

论述中国西南纵向岭谷区外来入侵植物对生物多样性的影响。中国西南纵向岭谷区是我国生物多样性保护的关键地区。目前,该区域已成为外来植物入侵的重灾区,外来入侵植物种类多达70余种,其中,紫茎泽兰Ageratina adenophora（Eupatoriumadenophorum）、飞机草Chromolaena odorata（Eupatorium odoratum）和肿柄菊Tithonia diversifolia等在该区域危害严重,该区域的生态系统的结构与功能遭受破坏,本地物种面临灭绝,农、林、牧生产乃至区域的生态安全受到威胁。该区域的外来入侵植物的危害居全国之冠。研究该区域的外来入侵植物,揭示其危害规律,遏制其危害速度,最终清除该区域的外来入侵植物,恢复该区域的生态平衡,具有十分重要的现实意义和科学价值。文中详细论述了外来入侵植物对植物物种多样性、植物群落多样性、生态系统多样性、农牧业及林业的影响,最后指出消除和控制外来入侵植物的途径。     

The occurrence of polysialogangliosides including ganglio-N-tetraose series in adult bovine nasal cartilage

We extracted glycolipids from adult bovine nasal cartilage and purified some glycolipids by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and Iatrobeads column chromatography. Cartilage contained 20 nmol of lipid bound sialic acid per gram wet tissue. The relative content of mono, di, tri, and tetrasialo gangliosides were 14%, 40%, 28% and 18%, respectively, as sialic acid content. We characterized some by examining carbohydrate composition, methylation analysis, sialidase treatment and mild acid hydrolysis. The ganglio-N-tetraose series, including GDla, GDlb, GTla, GTlb and GQlb, was identified as one of the major ganglioside groups of this cartilage.     

Book reviews

Stephen Cornell, THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE: AMERICAN INDIAN POLITICAL RESURGENCE, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, 278 pp., $29.95.

Jack D. Forbes, BLACK AFRICANS AND NATIVE AMERICANS: COLOR, RACE AND CASTE IN THE EVOLUTION OF RED‐BLACK PEOPLES, Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988, 334 pp., £35.00.

Maryon McDonald, ’WE ARE NOT FRENCH!’: LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND IDENTITY IN BRITTANY, London: Routledge, 1989, 384 pp., £40.00.

Ronald Grigor Suny, THE MAKING OF THE GEORGIAN NATION, London: I. B. Taurus and Co. Ltd., 1989, ix‐395 pp., £29.50.

Shlomo Deshen, THE MELLAH SOCIETY: JEWISH COMMUNITY LIFE IN SHERIFIAN MOROCCO, translated and revised from the Hebrew by the author. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989, xii + 152 pp., £23.95 and £9.50 (paper).

Roger Waldinger, Howard Aldrich, Robin Ward and Associates, ETHNIC ENTREPRENEURS: IMMIGRANT BUSINESS IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES, Sage Series on Race and Ethnic Relations, vol. 1., Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990, 226 pp., £29.25 and £13.95 (paper).

Saul Dubow, RACIAL SEGREGATION AND THE ORIGINS OF APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1919–36, St Antony's and Macmillan, London, 1989, xi and 250 pp., £35.00.

Mark Duffield, BLACK RADICALISM AND THE POLITICS OF DE‐INDUSTRIALISATION: THE HIDDEN HISTORY OF INDIAN FOUNDRY WORKERS, Avebury, 1988, 226 pp., £24.50.

John Eade, THE POLITICS OF COMMUNITY: THE BANGLADESHI COMMUNITY IN EAST LONDON, Avebury, 1989, 213 pp., £24.00.

Nicole Hahn Rafter (ed.), WHITE TRASH: THE EUGENICS FAMILY STUDIES 1877–1919, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1988, 382 pp., £36.00.

Neil R. McMillen, DARK JOURNEY ‐ BLACK MISSISSIPPIANS IN THE AGE OF JIM CROW, Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 1989, N.P.L.     

A new species of Austrodecus Hodgson, 1907 (Arthropoda,Pycnogonida, Austrodecidae) from?the?Southwest Indian Ridge

A new species of pycnogonid collected by the Chinese research vessel R/V Dayangyihao during cruises to the Southwest Indian Ridge in 2008 and 2009 is recorded. The new species, Austrodecus bamberi, is placed into the tristanense-section by the characters of 4-articled ovigers and present auxiliary claws and is distinguished from other species in this section by the number and length of tubercles on the first coxae.     

Simple But Efficacious Enrichment of Integral Membrane Proteins and Their Interactions for In-Depth Membrane Proteomics

Membrane proteins play essential roles in various cellular processes, such as nutrient transport, bioenergetic processes, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. Proteomics is one of the key approaches to exploring membrane proteins comprehensively. Bottom–up proteomics using LC–MS/MS has been widely used in membrane proteomics. However, the low abundance and hydrophobic features of membrane proteins, especially integral membrane proteins, make it difficult to handle the proteins and are the bottleneck for identification by LC–MS/MS. Herein, to improve the identification and quantification of membrane proteins, we have stepwisely evaluated methods of membrane enrichment for the sample preparation. The enrichment methods of membranes consisted of precipitation by ultracentrifugation and treatment by urea or alkaline solutions. The best enrichment method in the study, washing with urea after isolation of the membranes, resulted in the identification of almost twice as many membrane proteins compared with samples without the enrichment. Notably, the method significantly enhances the identified numbers of multispanning transmembrane proteins, such as solute carrier transporters, ABC transporters, and G-protein–coupled receptors, by almost sixfold. Using this method, we revealed the profiles of amino acid transport systems with the validation by functional assays and found more protein–protein interactions, including membrane protein complexes and clusters. Our protocol uses standard procedures in biochemistry, but the method was efficient for the in-depth analysis of membrane proteome in a wide range of samples.     

中国西南岩溶山地石漠化演变趋势

为揭示20世纪50年代末至今中国西南地区岩溶山地石漠化转型演变的时空分布及其特征,运用文献计量分析方法,对石漠化演变相关文献的总量和主题词进行了分析,并提取文献中石漠化演变的时间、类型、程度、驱动因素等信息,从县(市)域尺度对中国西南岩溶山地石漠化演变趋势及其空间分布进行综合分析,并进行了典型案例研究。研究表明,从20世纪50年代末至今,西南岩溶山地石漠化演变经历了由自然基础及人为破坏相互激发的严重石漠化向多种人为干扰、综合治理下的演变转型,即由高等级石漠化转向低等级石漠化的过程。在此基础上,研究认为石漠化存在由扩张向收缩转型演变的现象,同时对其转型演变的驱动机制和启示意义进行了探讨,以期为乡村振兴时代岩溶山地生态建设提供参考。     

Hyaloscyphaceae in Japan (6): the genus Hyphodiscus in Japan and its anamorph Catenulifera gen. nov.

Three Hyphodiscus species are described and illustrated: Hyphodiscus otanii sp. nov., Hyphodiscus hymeniophilus, and H. theiodeus, which is new to Japan. Culture studies revealed Phialophora-like anamorphs. Catenulifera gen. nov. is proposed for the anamorph of Hyphodiscus. The history of the genus is reviewed. Hyphodiscus can be delimited to members with gelatinized excipulum, Cistella-like hairs with more coarse granulation, small asci, ascospores with conspicuous globules, cylindrical, flexuous paraphyses, and a Catenulifera anamorph. Received: September 6, 2001 / Accepted: October 4, 2001