中国莽人、僜人、珞巴族与门巴族Heath-Carter法体型研究

作者于2006—2007年在云南、西藏调查了中国莽人、僜人、珞巴族、门巴族体重、身高、上臂收缩围、小腿围、肱骨内外上髁间径、股骨内外上髁间径、肱三头肌位皮褶、肩胛下位皮褶、髂前上棘位皮褶和腓肠肌位皮褶10项指标值,计算了4个族群的Heath-Carter法体型值。研究结果显示: 1)在南方族群中, 莽人身矮体轻, 身体细瘦, 皮脂菲薄, 肌肉不发达。僜人身矮体轻, 身体细瘦, 男性肌肉较发达, 皮脂厚度中等。女性肌肉发达, 皮脂厚。珞巴族与门巴族均身材高, 体重大, 身体粗壮, 皮脂厚, 肌肉发达。2)门巴族男性为偏内胚层的中胚层体型, 莽人、僜人、珞巴族男性为均衡的中胚层体型。僜人、珞巴族、门巴族女性为偏中胚层的内胚层体型, 莽人女性为偏内胚层的中胚层体型。莽人、僜人、珞巴族男性具有南亚类型族群的体型特征, 门巴族男性具有北亚类型族群体型特征。莽人女性具有南亚类型族群的体型特征, 僜人、珞巴族、门巴族女性具有北亚类型族群的体型特征。     

Morphological variability of Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Simonsen (Bacillariophyceae) in the Lower Paraná River (Argentina)

In this paper we consider the morphological variation within a natural population of Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Simonsen in relation to environmental factors. This species was dominant in the phytoplankton of the Lower Paraná River (Argentina) and exhibited seasonal fluctuations of cell dimensions. The mean cell diameter was directly correlated with the river water level and inversely with pH and nitrate concentrations, whereas cell length was directly correlated with transparency and nitrate concentration and inversely with suspended solids. This pattern was similar to that observed for filament length. The cell length : diameter ratio was inversely related to water level and discharge and directly related to pH, transparency, and nitrate concentration. Maximum diameters did not coincide with maximum lengths. A tendency to maintain cell volume throughout the annual cycle was observed, which probably relates to both buoyancy and photosynthetic capacity. These results associate the water ascendancy and the size recovery phases to discharge. Cells become smaller on the ebbing of the flood phase, and the decreasing depth increases the probability that the alga will be disentrained from the turbulent field. The loss during low water would act as a stimulus for auxosporulation, contributing to the production of large cells to start off the next population. Received: August 12, 2000 / Accepted: November 14, 2000     

Pflanzenvergesellschaftungen mit Riccia-Arten in Südwestafrika (Namibia)

Three associations of the Nanocyperion teneriffae Lebrun 1947 (Sporoboletalia festivi Lebrun 1947) are described. They are physiognomically and ecologically similar to associations of the Mediterranean Isoeto-Nanojuncetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943 and Helianthemetalia guttati Br.-Bl. 1940. They are rich in very specialized therophytes and resurrection plants.

Meinem Lehrer H. Walter, Stuttgart gewidmet.     

西双版纳野象谷景区亚洲象取食作用对五种植物的影响

摘要：本研究在西双版纳利用样线调查法调查亚洲象的取食作用对野象谷景区常见分布的5种植物即酸苔树、象鼻藤、粗糠柴、翅果麻和黄牛木的影响,调查中记录样线上每一目标植株的基径、高度、影响类型、影响程度等信息。结果表明：1）植物受影响的数量与其植株总数之间的相关性不大（Pearson correlation, r=0.608, P=0.277）;2）亚洲象对5种植物的偏爱程度不一样,酸苔树、象鼻藤、粗糠柴和翅果麻都是大象喜爱的食物,尤其是象鼻藤（偏爱指数=1.4855）,而黄牛木不受大象喜爱（偏爱指数=0.5855）;3）亚洲象对5种植物有不同的影响方式和影响程度,酸苔树以主干折断和枝叶损失为主,受大象的取食影响最严重,象鼻藤虽然是大象最喜爱的食物,但受到的取食影响最小,粗糠柴以枝叶损失和主干折断为主,翅果麻以枝叶损失为主,同时也是唯一被亚洲象剥皮的植物,黄牛木以枝叶损失为主,被推倒的情况最普遍。树干基部直径为3-8cm的植株最受大象偏爱。亚洲象对植物的选择性以及植株自身的特性是导致上述差异的主要原因。建议后续开展长期的调查以了解亚洲象对这些植物种群数量及群落结构的影响,同时应采取有效保护措施以避免象群在当地过于集中的现象。     

Snipe taxonomy based on vocal and non-vocal sound displays: the South American Snipe is two species

We analysed breeding sounds of the two subspecies of South American Snipe Gallinago paraguaiae paraguaiae and Gallinago paraguaiae magellanica to determine whether they might be different species: loud vocalizations given on the ground, and the tail-generated Winnow given in aerial display. Sounds of the two taxa differ qualitatively and quantitatively. Both taxa utter two types of ground call. In G. p. paraguaiae, the calls are bouts of identical sound elements repeated rhythmically and slowly (about five elements per second (Hz)) or rapidly (about 11 Hz). One call of G. p. magellanica is qualitatively similar to those of G. p. paraguaiae but sound elements are repeated more slowly (about 3 Hz). However, its other call type differs strikingly: it is a bout of rhythmically repeated sound couplets, each containing two kinds of sound element. The Winnow of G. p. paraguaiae is a series of sound elements that gradually increase in duration and energy; by contrast, that of G. p. magellanica has two or more kinds of sound element that roughly alternate and are repeated as sets, imparting a stuttering quality. Sounds of the related Puna Snipe (Gallinago andina) resemble but differ quantitatively from those of G. p. paraguaiae. Differences in breeding sounds of G. p. paraguaiae and G. p. magellanica are strong and hold throughout their geographical range. Therefore we suggest that the two taxa be considered different species: G. paraguaiae east of the Andes in much of South America except Patagonia, and G. magellanica in central and southern Chile, Argentina east of the Andes across Patagonia, and Falklands/Malvinas.     

Global diversity of crabs (Aeglidae: Anomura: Decapoda) in freshwater

The freshwater anomuran crabs of the family Aeglidae are all restricted to southern South America occurring in Chile, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina. The family consists of a single genus, Aegla, containing 63 currently described species. There are another 5–10 known yet undescribed species to complement this diversity. The aeglids occur in freshwater lakes, streams, rivers, and in caves with freshwater. The origin of the family appears to be from marine ancestors from the Pacific invading streams in Chile about 75 mya radiating both in Chile and again on the eastern side of the Andes, particularly in Brazil. Of the 63 species, 23 or 36.5% are considered under threat and are in need of conservation action. Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment