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21.
Abstract. Variation of soil matric potential of a Wet Evergreen and a Moist Semi-deciduous West African forest were compared. The two forest types differed strongly in their soil water regime. Wet Evergreen forest experienced matric potentials below ?100 kPa only occasionally, while in Moist Semi-deciduous forest matric potentials were less than ?2.5 MPa for periods of several weeks or more each season. A water balance equation was used to simulate the soil water regime at both sites and predict severity and length of the dry period. The predictions showed good agreement with the field measurements of soil water potential over a 2-yr period. The methodology was used to estimate the occurrence and severity of droughts over longer periods at the two sites. The balance calculations suggest that droughts occur occasionally in the Wet Evergreen forest under study. The potential impact of droughts on species distribution and vegetation disturbance in tropical forests is discussed. 相似文献
22.
W.E. Hekman C.E. Heijnen S.L.G.E. Burgers J.A. van Veen J.D. van Elsas 《FEMS microbiology ecology》1995,16(2):143-158
Abstract Water flow-innduced transport of Burkholderia cepacia strain P2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain R2f cells through intact cores of loamy sand and silt loam field soils was measured for two percolation regimes, 0.9 and 4.4 mm h−1 , applied daily during 1 hour. For each strain, transport was generally similar between the two water regimes. Translocation of B. cepacia , with 4.4 mm h−1 , did occur initially in both soils. In the loamy sand soil, no change in the bacterial distribution occurred during the experiment (51 days). In the silt loam, B. cepacia cell numbers in the lower soil layers were significantly reduced, to levels at or below the limit of detection. Transport of P. fluorescens in both soils also occurred initially and was comparable to that of B. cepacia . Later in the experiment, P. fluorescens was not detectable in the lower soil layers of the loamy sand cores, due to a large decrease in surviving cell numbers. In the silt loam, the inoculant cell distribution did not change with time. Pre-incubation of the inoculated cores before starting percolation reduced B. cepacia inoculant transport in the loamy sand soil measured after 5 days, but not that determined after 54 days. Delayed percolation in the silt loam soil affected bacterial transport only after 54 days. The presence of growing wheat plants overall enhanced bacterial translocation as compared to that in unplanted soil cores, but only with percolating water. Percolation water from silt loam cores appeared the day after the onset of percolation and often contained inoculant bacteria. With loamy sand, percolation water appeared only 5 days after the start of percolation, and no inoculant bacteria were found. The results presented aid in predicting the fate of genetically manipulated bacteria in a field experiment. 相似文献
23.
The biological transformation of P in soil 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
K. R. Tate 《Plant and Soil》1984,76(1-3):245-256
Summary Organic forms of soil phosphorus (Po) are an important source of available P for plants following mineralisation. The rates and pathways of P through soil organic matter are, however, poorly understood when compared to physco-chemical aspects of the P cycle. The essential role of soil microorganisms as a labile resercoir of P, confirmed experimentally and in modelling studies, has recently led to the development of methods for measuring thier P content. Incorporation in a new P fractionation scheme of these measurements with estimates of Pi and Po fractions that vary in the exten toftheir availability to plants has enabled the dynamics of short-term soil P transformations to be investigated in relation to long-term changes observed in the field.Different types of soil P compounds that minearlise at different rates can now be measured directly in extracts by31P-nuclear magnetic resonance. Orthophosphate diesters, including phospholipids and nucleic acids, are the most readily mineralised group of these compounds. However, mineralisation rates rather than the amounts of types of Po in soil ultimately control P availability to plants. These rates are influenced by a number of soil and site factors, as a sensitive new technique using [32P] RNA has recently shown.These recent developments reflect a more holistic approach to investigation of the soil P cycle than in the past, which should lead to improved fertilizer management practices.Introductory lecture 相似文献
24.
R. van den Driessche 《Plant and Soil》1984,80(2):155-169
Summary Effects of P fertilizers on growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var.menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) seedlings were examined in pots and nursery beds. In pot experiments levels of P equivalent to 300 kg/ha were adequate for maximum growth over 14–18 weeks and resulted in available soil P levels of 80 ppm after 15 weeks' growth. Maximum growth in pots was obtained with shoot P concentrations of 0.18%–0.20%, with higher values at lower temperatures, but the optimum concentration for one-year old (1-0) nursery seedlings was 0.16% P. Growth of seedlings was greatly restricted at a soil temperature of 5°C and an air temperature of 12°C. At a soil temperature of 10°C and an air temperature of 14°C seedling P requirement was greater than at soil and air temperatures of 20°C.Comparison showed that monammonium phosphate was more effective than calcium superphosphate in stimulating growth in pots and nursery. Triple superphosphate was also effective in the nursery. Diammonium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and phosphoric acid had no advantages as P sources in the nursery. Available P levels of 100–130 ppm, in the loamy sand and sandy loam nurseries studied, and needle P concentrations of 0.18%, when sampled in October, were associated with maximum growth of two-year old (2-0) seedlings.P fertilization decreased root/shoot ratio, but did not alter the allometric relationship of shoot to root. Improving P status from a low level increased root growth capacity in 2-0 seedlings and P fertilization of potted seedlings increased dry weight/height ratio. Uptakes per seed bed ha of 236 kg N, 31 kg P, 81 kg K and 73 kg Ca by 2-0 seedlings were comparable with, or greater than, uptake rates of agricultural crops. Recoveries of 6–11% of P from fertilizer were recorded in the nursery. 相似文献
25.
Summary Elevating the pH of two extremely acid tropical soils from an initial pH of 4 to 5 with Ca(OH)2 and NaOH solutions resulted in a sharp decrease in urea adsorption. Further increases in pH to 9 caused only slight further decrease in urea adsorption. Ca treatment resulted in slightly higher adsorption than Na treatment over the full range of pH values studied for a clay soil with high smectite content, and for a loam with kaolinite mineralogy below pH 7. Above pH 7 a kaolinitic loamy soil gave slightly higher adsorption with Na treatment than with Ca. 相似文献
26.
Summary The concentration, uptake and element use efficiency of N, P and K in one C3 annual (Polypogon monspeliensis) and two C4 (Echinochloa colonum, an annual, andDichathium annulatum, a perennial) grasses were determined during winter and summer seasons in monocultures raised in field plots at three moisture
levels,viz. full, half and one-fourth of field capacity. At each moisture regime the plants were clipped thrice at moderate and severe
levels corresponding to 40 and 80% of live green. The concentration of these elements was characteristic of the growth habit
of these plants;e.g. the build up of concentration was maximum in leaf of the annuals while it was comparable in crown and leaf of Dichanthium.
The N level was maximum in Polypogon. The nutrient use effiency was comparable in the two annuals and maximum K and N use
were obtained in Polypogon and Dichanthium, respectively. 相似文献
27.
G. Simán 《Plant and Soil》1982,64(1):35-41
Summary The applicability of the Electro-Ultra-Filtration (EUF) method in soil analyses was studied. The reproducibilities of the
amounts of soil extracts, of ion concentrations in the extracts and of the distribution of cations and anions over the cathode
and anode extracts by use of fully automatic EUF equipment were tested.
The degree of variability among replicates was expressed as coefficient of variation (CV) and as the highest percentual divergence
of an individual analytical measurement from the mean (L).
The extraction volumes of five replicates of six different soils were found to vary between 1.1–7.1% with an average of 3.8%,
as CV and between 1.5–11.3% as L. The reproducibility of desorbed P in the anode extract varied between 2.7–31.7% with an
average of 8.7%, as CV and between 3.2–37.9% as L. Corresponding values for CV and L of K desorbed varied between 1.3–13.9%
and 1.6–23.8%, respectively.
Variations among replicates of desorbed P were especially high in the first 1–2 sub-fractions of a total of seven fractions
in a single extraction run. Low K concentrations in the extract had a slightly negative influence on the reproducibility of
K desorption.
Furthermore, it was found that a portion of the cations is collected in the anode extract and a portion of the anions in the
cathode extract, especially at the beginning of an extraction run. Pooling of anode and cathode extracts before analysis is
therefore recommended. 相似文献
28.
Summary Organic components leaked fromSorghum bicolor seedlings (‘root exudates’) were examined by recovering14C labelled compounds from root solutions of seedlings inoculated withAzospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter vinelandii orKlebsiella pneumoniae nif-. Up to 3.5% of the total14C recovered from shoots, roots, and nutrient solutions was found in the root solutions. Inoculation with Azospirillum and
Azotobacter increased the amounts of14C and decreased the amounts of carbohydrates in the root solutions. When sucrose was added as a carbon source for the bacteria,
the increase of14C in the solutions did not occur. Quantities of14C found in the root solutions were proportional to amounts of mineral nitrogen supplied to the plants. Bacterial growth also
was proportional to nitrogen levels. When sorghum plants were grown in soil and labelled with14CO2, about 15% of the total14C recovered within 48 hours exposure was found in soil leachates. 相似文献
29.
Robert L. Huguenin Karen J. Miller William S. Harwood 《Journal of molecular evolution》1979,14(1-3):103-132
Summary A laboratory study of the interaction of H2O frost with samples of the minerals olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 and pyroxene (Mg,Fe)SiO3 at –11°C to –22°C revealed that an acidic oxidant was produced. Exposure of the frost-treated minerals to liquid H2O produced a sudden drop in pH and resulted in the production of copious O2(g) (as much as ~ 1020 molecules g–1). Exposure of frost-treated samples to 5 ml of 0.1M HCOONa solution resulted in the rapid oxidation of up to 43% of the formate to CO2(g). These reactions were qualitatively similar to the chemical activity observed during the active cycles of the Viking lander Gas Exchange and Labeled Release Biology experiments. Attempts to identify the oxidant by chemical indicators were inconclusive, but they tentatively suggested that chemisorbed hydrogen peroxide may have formed. The formation of chemisorbed peroxide could be explained as a byproduct of the chemical reduction of the mineral. The following model was proposed. Hc was incorporated into the mineral from surface frost. This would have left behind a residual of excess OH–
(ads) (relative to surface H+). Electrons were then stripped from the surface OH–
(ads) (due to the large repulsive potential between neighboring OH–
(ads)) and incorporated into the crystal to restore charge balance and produce a chemical reduction of the mineral. The resultant surface hydroxyl radicals could then have combined to form the more stable chemisorbed hydrogen peroxide species. While the chemisorbed peroxide should be relatively stable at low temperatures, it should tend to decay to O(ads) + H2O(g) at higher temperatures with an activation energy of 34 kcal mole–1. This is consistent with the long-term storage and sterilization behavior of the Viking soil oxidants. It is possible that as little as 0.1–1% frost-weathered material in the Martian soil could have produced the unusual chemical activity that occurred during the Viking Gas Exchange and Labeled Release experiments.This paper contains the material given in invited presentations at the COSPAR Meeting, Innsbruck, Austria, 5–7 June 1978 and at the Second Conference on Simulation of Mars Surface Properties, NASA Ames Research Center, 17–18 August 1978 相似文献
30.
S. Kojima 《Plant Ecology》1991,96(1):25-42
Coniferous forest phytogeocoenoses of Hokkaido Island, Japan, were studied to classify them based on vegetation characteristics, to analyse their soils, to correlate the vegetation and soil characteristics, and to provide some ecological interpretation for the phytogeocoenosis differentiation and establishment. Five forest types were distinguished based on the vegetation structure, each of which was comparable to plant association of Krajina (1960); 1. the moss type, 2. the Sasa kurilensis type, 3. the Sasa senanensis type, 4. the Carex sachalinensis type, and 5. the Dryopteris crassirhizoma type. Soil base status indicated by pH, electric conductivity, amount of calcium and magnesium, and base saturation showed a fair correlation with the forest types. The forest types were, therefore, arranged along a soil nutritional gradient. The moss type developed in the least fertile habitats whereas the Dryopteris crassirhizoma type in the most fertile habitats, and others were in between the two. It was suggested that in the island, where climate was humid with excess of soil water throughout a year, soil nutritional regime, more specifically availability of bivalent cations which tended to be removed by the excessive soil water, seemed to be a critical factor to differentiate and establish the forest types.This study was financially supported by the Science Research Grant of the (Monbusho) Japanese Goverment (Grant No. 60540422). 相似文献