社会性单配制鸟类婚外父权的发生和影响因素

一雌一雄单配制鸟类中,雌性个体与配偶外雄性发生交配的行为称为婚外交配,继而导致了婚外受精产生婚外子代的现象称为产生了婚外父权。婚外父权广泛存在于鸟类中,针对其发生和影响因素已经成为了鸟类行为生态学研究的热点。本文收集了近十年社会性单配制鸟类婚外父权方面的研究文献,从婚外父权的发生及其影响因素两个方面综述了单配制鸟类婚外父权的研究进展。婚外父权发生原因的探讨主要包括：1、从两性的角度探讨雌雄两性在婚外行为中不同的进化繁殖策略。雄性策略旨在增加自身的繁殖输出;有关雌性策略则提出了确保受精假说、食物供给假说、遗传利益假说等,但目前尚存争议;2、在遗传利益假说中较常见的又分为3个假说：“优秀基因”假说、“遗传相容性”假说和“遗传多样性”假说,该三种假说是针对雌性从遗传方面获得的利益而提出的,不断有报道指出雌性配偶选择会被潜在的雄性遗传特性所影响;3、非遗传利益——母系效应影响婚外父权的进化。一些研究指出遗传质量参数,如体重、身体大小、存活率和免疫应答等方面可能会存在母系效应。婚外父权发生的影响因素这里主要指环境因素,包括繁殖同步性、繁殖密度、栖息地环境、产卵及孵化时机等。由于物种不同,受到环境压力不同,导致婚外父权发生率千差万别。最后本文针对未来的研究方向做出了展望。尽管近十年的研究进一步解释了鸟类婚外父权现象,但是该领域仍然存在并且产生了许多新的未解决的问题,而相关实验操作和理论的完善是深入探讨这些问题的关键。     

Community‐based social interventions for people with severe mental illness: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of recent evidence

People living with severe mental illness (SMI) are one of the most marginalized groups in society. Interventions which aim to improve their social and economic participation are of crucial importance to clinicians, policy‐makers and people with SMI themselves. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on social interventions for people with SMI published since 2016 and collated our findings through narrative synthesis. We found an encouragingly large amount of research in this field, and 72 papers met our inclusion criteria. Over half reported on the effectiveness of interventions delivered at the service level (supported accommodation, education or employment), while the remainder targeted individuals directly (community participation, family interventions, peer‐led/supported interventions, social skills training). We identified good evidence for the Housing First model of supported accommodation, for the Individual Placement and Support model of supported employment, and for family psychoeducation, with the caveat that a range of models are nonetheless required to meet the varied housing, employment and family‐related needs of individuals. Our findings also highlighted the importance of contextual factors and the need to make local adaptations when “importing” interventions from elsewhere. We found that augmentation strategies to enhance the effectiveness of social interventions (particularly supported employment and social skills training) by addressing cognitive impairments did not lead to transferable “real life” skills despite improvements in cognitive function. We also identified an emerging evidence base for peer‐led/supported interventions, recovery colleges and other interventions to support community participation. We concluded that social interventions have considerable benefits but are arguably the most complex in the mental health field, and require multi‐level stakeholder commitment and investment for successful implementation.     

中、美喀斯特景观管理对比研究

喀斯特景观具有重要的经济、战略、美学、生态和科考价值,如何有效保护和管理复杂而脆弱的喀斯特景观生态系统逐渐成为国内外管理者和学者关注的议题。但国内在喀斯特景观管理的方法和体制等方面鲜有研究,特别是面临日益增加的人类活动压力情况下,开展中外喀斯特管理对比研究将为中国喀斯特可持续管理提供借鉴。采用历史分析、社会网络分析、比较研究等方法,探究中国与美国喀斯特景观保护和管理的历史进程、管理机构参与和管理方法。结果表明中美政府对喀斯特和洞穴管理投入存在差异,但目前在区域协调管理方面还都欠缺。管理过程都经历了从初步探索到不断成熟的阶段,关注的重点和议题在不断演进,从最初的喀斯特水文地质问题拓展到生态系统综合管理,从单一的环境问题到社会、经济、生态问题。所采用的方法和模型在不断发展,从利用传统的环境调查和监测方法发展到GIS、激光雷达、分子生物学、环境DNA等最新技术。管理方式从自上而下行政命令方式到政府、社会团体、公众合作管理模式。目前,鉴于喀斯特生态系统的复杂性和部门利益冲突,直接出台喀斯特管理的法规还存在很大障碍。最后,构建了一个可持续导向的喀斯特景观管理框架。本研究将管理者、研究者和公众3个...     

Involvement of the central melanocortin system in the effects of caffeine on anxiety-like behavior in mice

Aims

To investigate the role of the melanocortin (MC) system in the framework of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in the differential effects of the adenosine receptor blocker caffeine on anxiety-like behavior, using the social interaction (SI) test.

Main methods

Caffeine was injected intraperitoneally, alone or in combination with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), the MC4 receptor agonist RO27-3225 or the antagonist HS014 via the intra-CeA route. The effects of chronic (21 days) caffeine, given alone or concurrently with α-MSH, or RO27-3225, were investigated. The effects of withdrawal of these treatments on SI time were also evaluated. Furthermore, the acute effects of HS014 were investigated in different sets of caffeine-withdrawn mice.

Key findings

Acute injection of caffeine, RO27-3225, or α-MSH produced anxiety-like behavior. Prior treatment with α-MSH, or RO27-3225 potentiated the caffeine-induced anxiety-like behavior. Subchronic treatment with HS014 increased the SI time, which was attenuated by caffeine. Chronic administration of caffeine resulted in tolerance to caffeine's anxiogenic effect, while abrupt discontinuation of the treatment produced peak anxiety-like behavior at 72 h post-withdrawal. Concurrent administration of α-MSH, or RO27-3225 with chronic caffeine delayed the development of tolerance and prevented withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, acute treatment with HS014 at 72 h post-withdrawal attenuated the anxiety-like behavior.

Significance

α-MSH, possibly via MC4 receptor in the neuroanatomical framework of the CeA, may contribute to the acute, chronic and withdrawal actions of caffeine associated with anxiety-like behavior in the neuroanatomical framework of the CeA.     

Rethinking relevance: Repetition priming reveals the psychological reality of adaptive specializations for reasoning

Theories advanced to explain conditional reasoning range from those that invoke inference systems that evolved for specific domains (such as social exchange, precautions, or deontic regulations) to relevance theory, a relatively domain-general account that invokes conversational pragmatics. The present research utilized a novel extension of repetition priming, in conjunction with the Wason selection task (a widely known and used task to test people's conditional reasoning), to evaluate alternative theories of human reasoning. Across five experiments, testing over 600 participants, consistent priming across selection tasks was demonstrated. The pattern of priming effects supports models of human reasoning based on specific evolved reasoning abilities, and was inconsistent with general conditional reasoning models such as relevance theory. These results also converge with neurological and clinical evidence of divided psychological processes for reasoning about relatively specific domains, based on functionally distinct inference systems.     

Zebra finches are bolder in an asocial, rather than social, context

Despite an expanding interest in animal personalities, the influence of social interactions and sex differences on individual differences in behaviour remains poorly understood. Using the social zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), we tested for behavioural differences in exploration of a novel environment and objects, between individuals of both sexes in relation to a social context; the presence of three male companions, three female companions or no companion birds. We predicted that the presence of conspecific companions should result in focal birds reacting to novelty by exploring more extensively because the companion birds contribute to anti-predator vigilance behaviour and because social isolation often causes behavioural inhibition in social species. We found that exploratory behaviour of focal individuals was significantly reduced in the presence of conspecific companions, irrespective of the companion's sex. Moreover, we found a weak trend towards females being more exploratory than males, irrespective of the social context. These results demonstrate the importance of considering the social context in animal personality studies and of exploring sex differences in personalities.     

Long distance mobility of male Japanese macaques evidenced by mitochondrial DNA

A 487-nucleotide sequence in the polymorphic D-loop region of matrilineally inherited mitochondrial DNA was compared in samples from 14 (9 adult males and 5 females or young) Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata) of two troops at Gagyusan in Takahashi City, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. The majority (7 out of the sampled 9) of the adult males associated with the troops had nucleotide sequences of six distinct types, all of which were different from that of the Gagyusan troop females, whereas two young solitary males shared the same sequence. The present study exemplified a case in which the majority of adult males immigrated from outside the local population. Notably, two of the males were revealed to share the same sequence determined for a matriline 45 km away. Electronic Publication