Parental investment related to social systems in microtines

Summary Laboratory offspring of wild-caught voles Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus agrestis, bred for 1 year under constant conditions, were examined with regard to sex ratios and weights at weaning and at 2 months of age. C. glareolus exhibits female territoriality and M. agrestis male territoriality in summer. The adults die away in late summer-autumn. Early-summer young mature in the year of birth but late-summer young do not reach maturity until the following year. C. glareolus young showed a male bias in early summer and a female bias in late summer. Conditions were the opposite but less clear in M. agrestis. C. glareolus males grew comparatively faster than M. agrestis males and showed a markedly higher early summer male: female weight ratio at 2 months of age. Maternal investment thus appears clearly related to the social system; the sex with the largest number and highest quality of young was that which was not limited in number by territoriality. However, the investment depended also on the time until maturation of the young.     

Ecological studies ofRoparidia fasciata in Okinawa island I. Distribution of single- and multiple-foundress colonies

To compare between a single-foundress colony and a multiple-foundress colony at the pre-emergence state of a social wasp, R. fasciata, nest distributions and colony terminations were investigated in 8 sites with different environmental conditions. Marking experiments were also conducted in two sites at high wasp density.

1. Foundress populations were composed of single-foundress colonies in sites C, D and E, new environments where have recently suited for inhaviting, at low wasp density. In sites like A and B which were used year after year, at high wasp density, coexistence of multiple-and single-foundress colonies was observed.
2. From the marking experiment, nests initiated by a single foundress were more distant away from the nest where the original foundress emerged the fall before, compared to multiple-foundress nests which were initiated by multiple foundress.
3. Greater percentage of colony termination was observed in single-foundress nests than in multiple-foundress nests, and the colony termination in single-foundress colonies increased with the nest density.
4. Ant predation was the key factor causing the variation of the percentage of colony termination.

     

Troop fission in free-ranging baboons in the Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania.

During a 13 month field study of baboons in the Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, the troop under observation divided into two groups. One group left the main troop to become ultimately an independent troop with a separate range. The troop fission followed a period of instability in the male status hierarchy. The events prior to and during the troop fission are described in detail and the membership of the group which left is analyzed. Social bonds prior to the fission, including kinship, determined membership in the group which left. Aggression from members of the main troop played a major role in causing the group which left to establish a new range. This fission is compared with troop fissions observed in rhesus and Japances macaques.     

The influence of social rank on adenohypophysial cell activity in Salmo irideus

Summary In nine cell types of the adenohypophysis in untreated adult rainbow trout, histologically different activity phases, seasonal changes in activity, and the relation between certain cell types and the interrenal gland, thyroid or gonads were investigated by light and, occasionally, by electron microscopy. Special attention was given to the effect of social rank on the synthetic activity in adenohypophysial cells of trout kept in small groups in which a social hierarchy with one (light) dominant and several (dark) submissives is established.Cell types in the rostral pars distalis were azocarminophil (I) or amphiphil (II). Proximal pars distalis cell types were slightly basophil (IV), orangeophil (V), strongly basophil (VI) or chromophobe (VII). In the pars intermedia, cell types were amphiphil (VIII) or very slightly basophil (IX). Type III was a non-secretory supporting (?) cell.Histologically different activity phases abounded in type IV cells, which mainly occurred in the proximal pars distalis but were also found dispersed in the rostral pars distalis, the pars intermedia and the neurohypophysis.Influences of social rank were pronounced in type IV cells. Phases with a high synthetic activity were exclusively found in submissive animals, phases with a low synthetic activity occurred in dominants. As a positive relation existed between type IV cell activity and the social rank dependent activity of the interrenal gland, it was suggested that type IV cells produce ACTH.In (dominant) male trout treated with DOCG or ACTH, colloid-containing type IV cell phases, reflecting accumulation of the secretory product, were found. This supported the earlier suggestion that ACTH in the trout is produced in the basophil type IV cells and not, as reported in the literature, in cells comparable to type II.The author is greatly indebted to Miss M.C. Wentzel, Miss I. Stulen, Mr. J. Veening and Dr. J.G. van Rhijn for their help with histological techniques, interrenal cell measurements and statistical aspects     

花尾榛鸡冬季活动区及社群行为

无线电遥测结果表明,长白山冬季花尾榛鸡的月活动区大小为22.5～6.52hm~2。11月至1月,随着天气变冷,花尾榛鸡的活动区面积明显减小(P<0.001)。冬季花尾榛鸡的日活动范围很小,平均466±127m~2。整个冬季花尾榛鸡的活动中心区出现阶段性改变。花角榛鸡对其活动区有一定的依赖性。花尾榛鸡冬季不存在明显的领域,出现集群行为,这与其栖息地食物丰富与抵御天敌有关。花尾榛鸡集群的组织结构是松散的,缺乏义务性,集群中的个体关系有亲疏,存在2只或2只以上个体组成的小组,同组个体之间的距离大多数情况在150～200m以内的联系范围内。推测花尾榛鸡集群时的活动区面积增大。     

Relationships in six groups of rhesus monkeys I. Networks

Monkey groups are characterized in terms of their networks of relationships. Six groups, each consisting of one adult male, several adult females and immatures, were studied over the same time period. This provided data on interaction patterns within groups and the ways in which individuals' kinship, backgrounds, idiosyncrasies, age and sex affected their interactions. Consistencies and changes in group networks in the course of time and in the face of events such as births, deaths, separations, and introductions are given special attention. Principles of networks are discussed with reference to problems of social structure such as cohesion, permeability, communication, stability and competition.     

布南色林联合团体心理治疗慢性精神分裂症的疗效及对认知功能、社会功能和服药依从性的影响

摘要 目的：探讨布南色林联合团体心理治疗慢性精神分裂症（SZ）的疗效,分析其对认知功能、社会功能和服药依从性的影响。方法：选取124例慢性SZ患者随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组口服布南色林治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加以团体心理治疗,疗程均为2个月。治疗后,采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）和临床疗效总评量表-疾病严重程度（CGI-SI）评估两组患者治疗后的疗效,采用威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）评估两组患者治疗前后的认知功能,采用个人和社会功能量表（PSP）评估两组患者治疗前后的社会功能,评定两组患者治疗后的服药依从性。结果：治疗后,两组患者PANSS阳性症状、阴性症状、一般精神病理评分以及总评分均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组（P＜0.05）;两组患者CGI-SI评分均低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组（P＜0.05）;两组患者WCST总应答数评分均高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组（P＜0.05）;两组患者PSP总评分均高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组服药依从性优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：布南色林联合团体心理治疗较单一布南色林治疗慢性SZ的治疗效果更好,能更好地提高患者的认知功能、社会功能以及服药依从性,值得临床借鉴推广。     

The pathogenic potential of the combined action of chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection and repeated social defeat stress in C57BL/6 mice

Parasitic food-borne diseases and chronic social stress are frequent attributes of day-to-day human life. Therefore, our aim was to model the combined action of chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection and repeated social defeat stress in C57BL/6 mice. Histological examination of the liver revealed inflammation sites, pronounced periductal fibrosis, and cholangiofibrosis together with proliferation of bile ducts and hepatocyte dystrophy in the infected mice, especially in the stress-exposed ones. Simultaneously with liver pathology, we detected significant structural changes in the cerebral cortex. Immunohistochemical analysis of the hippocampus indicated the highest increase in numerical density of Iba 1-, IL-6-, iNOS-, and Arg1-positive cells in mice simultaneously subjected to the two adverse factors. The number of GFAP-positive cells rose during repeated social defeat stress, most strongly in the mice subjected to both infection and stress. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression of genes Aif1 and Il6 differed among the analysed brain regions (hippocampus, hypothalamus, and frontal cortex) and depended on the adverse factors applied. In addition, among the brain regions, there was no consistent increase or decrease in these parameters when the two adverse treatments were combined: (i) in the hippocampus, there was upregulation of Aif1 and no change in Il6 expression; (ii) in the hypothalamus, expression levels of Aif1 and Il6 were not different from controls; and (iii) in the frontal cortex, Aif1 expression did not change while Il6 expression increased. It can be concluded that a combination of two long-lasting adverse factors, O. felineus infection and repeated social defeat stress, worsens not only the hepatic but also brain state, as evidenced behaviorally by disturbances of the startle response in mice.     

住院精神分裂症患者生活质量调查及与认知功能和社会支持的关系分析

摘要 目的：调查住院精神分裂症患者生活质量情况,并分析生活质量与认知功能和社会支持的关系。方法：本次研究为回顾性分析,将2019年1月-2020年10月期间于我院住院的精神分裂症患者225例纳为病例组。通过宣传招募健康志愿者200例作为对照组。对比两组生活质量、社会支持评分和认知功能,住院精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响因素采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。住院精神分裂症患者生活质量与认知功能和社会支持的关系采用Pearson 相关性分析。结果：病例组的健康状况调查问卷（SF-36）评分、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）评分均低于对照组（P<0.05）。威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）结果显示,病例组的错误应答数高于对照组,正确应答数低于对照组（P<0.05）,Stroop色词测验结果显示,病例数正确数低于对照组,错误数高于对照组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,住院精神分裂症患者SF-36评分与SSRS评分呈正相关（P<0.05）。住院精神分裂症患者生活质量与文化程度、性别、年龄、病程、药物治疗、住院时间情况有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、病程、住院时间、药物治疗情况为影响住院精神分裂症患者生活质量的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：住院精神分裂症患者的生活质量低于健康人群,影响其生活质量的因素主要包括社会支持以及患者的年龄、病程、住院时间、药物治疗情况。