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91.
Würbel H 《Genes, Brain & Behavior》2002,1(1):3-8
It is basic biology that the phenotype of an animal is the product of a complex and dynamic interplay between nature (genotype) and nurture (environment). It is far less clear, however, how this might translate into experimental design and the interpretation of animal experiments. Animal experiments are a compromise between modelling real world phenomena with maximal validity (complexity) and designing practicable research projects (abstraction). Textbooks on laboratory animal science generally favour abstraction over complexity. Depending on the area of research, however, abstraction can seriously compromise information gain, with respect to the real world phenomena an experiment is designed to model. Behavioral phenotyping of mouse mutants often deals with particularly complex manifestations of life, such as learning, memory or anxiety, that are strongly modulated by environmental factors. A growing body of evidence indicates that current approaches to behavioral phenotyping might often produce results that are idiosyncratic to the study in which they were obtained, because the interactive nature of genotype-environment relationships underlying behavioral phenotypes was not taken into account. This paper argues that systematic variation of genetic and environmental backgrounds, instead of excessive standardization, is needed to control the robustness of the results and to detect biologically relevant interactions between the mutation and the genetic and environmental background of the animals. 相似文献
92.
Etsushi Kumagai Charles H. Burroughs Taylor L. Pederson Christopher M. Montes Bin Peng Hyungsuk Kimm Kaiyu Guan Elizabeth A. Ainsworth Carl J. Bernacchi 《Plant, cell & environment》2022,45(1):80-94
Traditional gas exchange measurements are cumbersome, which makes it difficult to capture variation in biochemical parameters, namely the maximum rate of carboxylation measured at a reference temperature (Vcmax25) and the maximum electron transport at a reference temperature (Jmax25), in response to growth temperature over time from days to weeks. Hyperspectral reflectance provides reliable measures of Vcmax25 and Jmax25; however, the capability of this method to capture biochemical acclimations of the two parameters to high growth temperature over time has not been demonstrated. In this study, Vcmax25 and Jmax25 were measured over multiple growth stages during two growing seasons for field-grown soybeans using both gas exchange techniques and leaf spectral reflectance under ambient and four elevated canopy temperature treatments (ambient+1.5, +3, +4.5, and +6°C). Spectral vegetation indices and machine learning methods were used to build predictive models for Vcmax25 and Jmax25, based on the leaf reflectance. Results showed that these models yielded an R2 of 0.57–0.65 and 0.48–0.58 for Vcmax25 and Jmax25, respectively. Hyperspectral reflectance captured biochemical acclimation of leaf photosynthesis to high temperature in the field, improving spatial and temporal resolution in the ability to assess the impact of future warming on crop productivity. 相似文献
93.
Jie Gao Xin Hu Chunyan Gao Guang Chen Hui Feng Zhen Jia Peimin Zhao Haiyang Yu Huaiwen Li Zedong Geng Jingbo Fu Jun Zhang Yikeng Cheng Bo Yang Zhanghan Pang Daoquan Xiang Jizeng Jia Handong Su Hailiang Mao Caixia Lan Wei Chen Wenhao Yan Lifeng Gao Wanneng Yang Qiang Li 《Plant biotechnology journal》2023,21(10):1966-1977
Dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits such as dynamic growth and yield potential is a major challenge in crops. Monitoring the growth throughout growing season in a large wheat population to uncover the temporal genetic controls for plant growth and yield-related traits has so far not been explored. In this study, a diverse wheat panel composed of 288 lines was monitored by a non-invasive and high-throughput phenotyping platform to collect growth traits from seedling to grain filling stage and their relationship with yield-related traits was further explored. Whole genome re-sequencing of the panel provided 12.64 million markers for a high-resolution genome-wide association analysis using 190 image-based traits and 17 agronomic traits. A total of 8327 marker-trait associations were detected and clustered into 1605 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) including a number of known genes or QTLs. We identified 277 pleiotropic QTLs controlling multiple traits at different growth stages which revealed temporal dynamics of QTLs action on plant development and yield production in wheat. A candidate gene related to plant growth that was detected by image traits was further validated. Particularly, our study demonstrated that the yield-related traits are largely predictable using models developed based on i-traits and provide possibility for high-throughput early selection, thus to accelerate breeding process. Our study explored the genetic architecture of growth and yield-related traits by combining high-throughput phenotyping and genotyping, which further unravelled the complex and stage-specific contributions of genetic loci to optimize growth and yield in wheat. 相似文献
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95.
Gabrielle Samuel 《New genetics and society》2019,38(2):119-141
Forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) is an emerging technology that seeks to make probabilistic inferences regarding a person’s observable characteristics (“phenotype”) from DNA. The aim is to aid criminal investigations by helping to identify unknown suspected perpetrators, or to help with non-criminal missing persons cases. Here we provide results from the analysis of 36 interviews with those who have a professional stake in FDP, including forensic scientists, police officers, lawyers, government agencies and social scientists. Located in eight EU countries, these individuals were asked for their views on the benefits and problems associated with the prospective use of FDP. While all interviewees distinguished between those phenotypic tests perceived to either raise ethical, social or political concerns from those tests viewed as less ethically and socially problematic, there was wide variation regarding the criteria they used to make this distinction. We discuss the implications of this in terms of responsible technology development. 相似文献
96.
Luthra K Bharghav B Chabbra S Das N Misra A Agarwal DP Pandey RM Srivastava LM 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》2002,232(1-2):97-102
Apolipoprotein E (apo E), a genetic determinant of plasma lipid levels and coronary heart disease (CHD) needs to be investigated in Asian Indians since they have a propensity to develop dyslipidemia and accelerated atherosclerosis. We studied apo E phenotypes and plasma lipid levels in 52 Northern Indian male patients (aged 38–71 years) with angiographically proven CHD, and compared them to 50 healthy blood donors taken as the control group. High levels of Lp(a), (p < 0.05), and a definite trend towards lower levels of HDL-C (p < 0.05), was observed in the CHD patients as compared to the control subjects. The frequency of apo E allele 3 was 0.86 and 0.862, and 4 allele was 0.12 and 0.08 in the patients and controls, respectively. However, a lower frequency of the E2 allele was observed in the patient group (2 = 0.02) as compared to the controls (2 = 0.06) (p = ns). In individuals with apo E3/E3 phenotype, significantly lower HDL-C levels was observed in the CHD patients as compared to the control subjects (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between apo E phenotypes and Lp(a) levels in the CHD subjects as compared to the controls (p < 0.05), the level being significantly high in CHD subjects with at least one E4 allele. To conclude, in this sample of Northern Indian subjects with CHD, there is a significant correlation between apo E3/E3 phenotype and low levels of HDL-C as compared to the control subjects. Further, apo E phenotype is positively correlated with high Lp(a) levels in the CHD subjects having at least one E4 allele. However, these relationships need to be explored in a larger sample of subjects. 相似文献
97.
A cell's phenotype is the culmination of several cellular processes through a complex network of molecular interactions that ultimately result in a unique morphological signature. Visual cell phenotyping is the characterization and quantification of these observable cellular traits in images. Recently, cellular phenotyping has undergone a massive overhaul in terms of scale, resolution, and throughput, which is attributable to advances across electronic, optical, and chemical technologies for imaging cells. Coupled with the rapid acceleration of deep learning–based computational tools, these advances have opened up new avenues for innovation across a wide variety of high-throughput cell biology applications. Here, we review applications wherein deep learning is powering the recognition, profiling, and prediction of visual phenotypes to answer important biological questions. As the complexity and scale of imaging assays increase, deep learning offers computational solutions to elucidate the details of previously unexplored cellular phenotypes. 相似文献
98.
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100.
Cedar Warman Christopher M. Sullivan Justin Preece Michaela E. Buchanan Zuzana Vejlupkova Pankaj Jaiswal John E. Fowler 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2021,106(2):566-579
High-throughput phenotyping systems are powerful, dramatically changing our ability to document, measure, and detect biological phenomena. Here, we describe a cost-effective combination of a custom-built imaging platform and deep-learning-based computer vision pipeline. A minimal version of the maize (Zea mays) ear scanner was built with low-cost and readily available parts. The scanner rotates a maize ear while a digital camera captures a video of the surface of the ear, which is then digitally flattened into a two-dimensional projection. Segregating GFP and anthocyanin kernel phenotypes are clearly distinguishable in ear projections and can be manually annotated and analyzed using image analysis software. Increased throughput was attained by designing and implementing an automated kernel counting system using transfer learning and a deep learning object detection model. The computer vision model was able to rapidly assess over 390 000 kernels, identifying male-specific transmission defects across a wide range of GFP-marked mutant alleles. This includes a previously undescribed defect putatively associated with mutation of Zm00001d002824, a gene predicted to encode a vacuolar processing enzyme. Thus, by using this system, the quantification of transmission data and other ear and kernel phenotypes can be accelerated and scaled to generate large datasets for robust analyses. 相似文献