一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化皱褶念珠菌(Diutina rugosa)的分离及脱氮特性

为了获得异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株,从养殖池塘污泥中分离筛选到一株具有异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的酵母菌,命名为DW-1。经形态学观察和26S rDNA序列分析后鉴定为皱褶念珠菌DW-1(Diutina rugosa DW-1)。以氨氮为唯一氮源,初步探讨了碳源、C/N、初始pH值、培养温度、摇床转速对菌株DW-1除氮性能的影响。结果表明,在以乙酸钠为唯一碳源,C/N为25,pH为6.0、适宜培养温度为32℃、转速为170 r/min的条件下,菌株DW-1氨氮降解率和总氮去除率分别为94.94%、48.69%,而整个过程中亚硝氮积累量仅为0.067 mg/L。皱褶念珠菌DW-1的异养硝化-好氧反硝化特性表明其在降解含氮废水方面具有良好的应用前景。     

不同放牧对滇西北高原泥炭沼泽土壤氨氧化微生物群落的影响

氨氧化由氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)共同执行,是土壤硝化过程的第一步和限速步骤。放牧过程中,动物啃食、排泄和践踏等行为将影响土壤氨氧化微生物群落,但目前关于不同类型放牧对湿地氨氧化微生物群落结构及其多样性的影响尚不清楚。利用Illumina Mise高通量测序技术,对比研究牦牛放牧和藏香猪放养两种放牧类型对泥炭沼泽土壤氨氧化微生物群落结构及其多样性的影响。结果表明,牦牛放牧显著增加土壤容重,显著降低土壤pH、TN、TOC、NH~+_4-N和NO~-_3-N含量;藏香猪放养显著增加土壤NO~-_3-N含量和硝化潜势(PNR)。牦牛放牧显著降低土壤AOA的丰富度和AOB的α多样性,藏香猪放养降低土壤AOA的α多样性和AOB的丰富度。放牧显著降低泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)的相对丰度。AOA的α多样性与土壤NO~-_3-N含量和PNR呈显著负相关。AOB的α多样性与pH、TOC、TN和NH~+_4-N含量呈显著正相关。放牧影响下土壤pH、TN和NO~-_3-N含量的变化是影响AOA群落结构的主要因素。藏香猪放养对AOA和AOB群落的影响更显著,由放牧引起的土壤环境条件的变化是导致氨氧化微生物群落发生改变的重要因素。     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌脱氮相关酶系及其编码基因的研究进展

水体氮素污染日益严重,如何经济、高效地去除水体氮素已成为研究热点。近年来,研究人员已从不同环境中分离到许多同时具有异养硝化和好氧反硝化功能的菌株,此类菌生长迅速,可在好氧条件下同时实现硝化和反硝化的过程,并可用于脱除有机污染物,是一类应用潜力巨大的脱氮菌。目前,异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的脱氮途径和机制主要是通过测定氮循环中间产物或终产物、测定相关酶活性、注释部分氮循环相关基因及参考自养硝化菌和缺氧反硝化菌的氮循环途径等进行研究,其完整的氮素转化途径和氮代谢机制还需要进一步明确。总结了目前异养硝化-好养反硝化菌的脱氮相关酶系及其编码基因的研究进展,以期为异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的理论研究及其在污水脱氮处理上的应用提供参考。     

深海沉积物高效脱氮菌筛选分离及其脱氮特性研究

【背景】深海海域具有高压、低温、无光等环境条件,蕴含着丰富而独特的微生物资源。【目的】从深海沉积物中定向分离、筛选脱氮效率高的好氧脱氮菌株资源,并揭示其脱氮特性,为开发水体脱氮微生物技术提供物质基础。【方法】以东太平洋、南大西洋、西南印度洋共10个站位的深海沉积物为研究材料,在28°C下使用无机氮源连续进行两轮富集培养,然后定性筛选可以脱除氨氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的菌株,并通过形态学和16S rRNA基因序列分析进行初步分类鉴定;对优选得到的功能菌株,分别采用以氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮为唯一氮源的培养基定量研究其生长和脱氮性能。【结果】从10份大洋深海沉积物样品中共分离得到49株好氧反硝化菌,其中3株在有氧条件下反硝化效率较高,分别命名为Pseudomonassp.G111、Pseudomonassp.G112和Dietziamaris W023a,其中菌株G111和G112与模式菌株博岑假单胞菌Pseudomonas bauzanensis BZ93T的16S rRNA基因序列相似度为99.2%,菌株W023a与模式菌株海洋迪茨氏菌DietziamarisATCC35013T的16SrRNA基因序列相似度为99.9%。菌株G111、G112和W023a培养48h后,对氨氮的脱除率分别为98.0%、85.2%和97.6%;对亚硝态氮的脱除率分别为71.9%、67.5%和34.7%;对硝态氮的脱除率分别为66.0%、52.6%和56.3%。菌株G111、G112和W023a均为异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌,可通过好氧反硝化作用将亚硝态氮和硝态氮还原为含氮气体,也可通过异养硝化-好氧反硝化作用将氨氮转化为含氮气体。【结论】从深海沉积物中分离筛选得到3株高效好氧反硝化菌,所获得的菌株在水体净化、污水处理、生态系统修复等领域具有应用潜力。     

三级串联垂直潜流人工湿地的脱氮性能及微生物学特征

探究了3种水力负荷(HLR)下三级串联垂直潜流人工湿地(T-VFCWs)对农村生活污水的处理效果,并解析了系统中的氮素转化机制。结果表明: 当系统HLR由0.10增至0.20 m³·m^-2·d^-1时,T-VFCWs始终保持着对农村生活污水高效的处理效果,系统出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。T-VFCWs中顺次连接的3个VFCW单元(标记为V-1、V-2和V-3)在限氧环境下因其进水水质的差异可形成各自不同的氮素转化途径,并通过协同作用实现系统的高效脱氮。当T-VFCWs在试验期间连续运行时,V-1、V-2和V-3中主要的脱氮途径分别为短程硝化/反硝化作用、基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮(CANON)作用和反硝化作用,上述3单元对进水中总氮(TN)和NH₄⁺-N去除的贡献率分别为(51.3±4.4)%和(63.7±2.6)%、(30.9±4.8)%和(35.5±4.5)%、(17.8±5.0)%和(0.8±0.1)%。该研究可为组合式人工湿地的研发及工程化应用提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

不同硝化抑制剂对红壤氮素硝化作用及玉米产量和氮素利用率的影响

本研究分析添加不同种硝化抑制剂及其组合的高效稳定性氯化铵氮肥对红壤硝化作用、玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响,旨在筛选出适合酸性红壤的高效稳定性氯化铵态氮肥。在氯化铵中分别添加硝化抑制剂2-氯-6-三甲基吡啶(CP)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和双氰胺(DCD)及其组合,制成6种高效稳定性氯化铵态氮肥,以不施氮肥(CK)和施氯化铵(N)为对照,进行等氮量玉米盆栽试验。结果表明: 与N处理相比,CP+DMPP和DMPP+DCD处理红壤中铵态氮含量提高56%～62%,显著高于CP、DMPP和DCD处理;土壤表观硝化率显著降低33%～34%。添加硝化抑制剂及其组合的6个处理均显著提高了玉米生物量和氮肥吸收利用率。与N处理相比,单独添加硝化抑制剂处理生物量均显著高于硝化抑制剂组合处理,平均提高1.3倍;添加DCD处理效果最显著,玉米籽粒产量、吸氮量和氮肥吸收利用率分别显著提高4.1、6.3和4.4倍。为了达到既能低成本又能提高产量和氮肥利用率的效果,在红壤上添加硝化抑制剂DCD是最佳选择。     

Post-treatment of fish canning effluents by sequential nitrification and autotrophic denitrification processes

In this research study a nitrifying/autotrophic denitrifying system was used for the post-treatment of an effluent coming from an anaerobic digester treating the wastewater produced in a fish canning industry. The nitrifying reactor achieved 100% of ammonia oxidation into nitrate. The effluent from this unit was fed to the autotrophic denitrifying reactor which treated a maximum sulphide loading rate (SLR) of 200 mg S^2?/L d with removal percentages of 100% and 30% for sulphide and nitrate, respectively. The low nitrate removal efficiency is attributed to sulphide limitations.The operational costs of this system were estimated as 0.92 €/kg N_removed, lower than those for conventional nitrification/denitrification processes. For nitrogen removal the SHARON/anammox processes is the cheapest option. However the combination of nitrification and autotrophic denitrification (using elemental sulphur) processes would present a better operational stability compared to the SHARON/anammox system.     

Nitrification in hybrid bioreactors treating simulated domestic wastewater

Aim

To provide deeper insights into nitrification process within aerobic bioreactors containing supplemental physical support media (hybrid bioreactors).

Methods and Results

Three bench‐scale hybrid bioreactors with different media size and one control bioreactor were operated to assess how biofilm integrity influences microbial community conditions and bioreactor performance. The systems were operated initially at a 5‐day hydraulic retention time (HRT), and all reactors displayed efficient nitrification and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (>95%). However, when HRT was reduced to 2·5 days, COD removal rates remained high, but nitrification efficiencies declined in all reactors after 19 days. To explain reduced performance, nitrifying bacterial communities (ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria, AOB; nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria, NOB) were examined in the liquid phase and also on the beads using qPCR, FISH and DGGE. Overall, the presence of the beads in a reactor promoted bacterial abundances and diversity, but as bead size was increased, biofilms with active coupled AOB–NOB activity were less apparent, resulting in incomplete nitrification.

Conclusions

Hybrid bioreactors have potential to sustain effective nitrification at low HRTs, but support media size and configuration type must be optimized to ensure coupled AOB and NOB activity in nitrification.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This study shows that AOB and NOB coupling must be accomplished to minimize nitrification failure.     

好氧反硝化生物脱氮技术的研究进展

好氧反硝化生物脱氮技术自提出以来,凭借能实现同步硝化反硝化、节省基建投资及运行费用等诸多优点,受到国内外环境领域学者的广泛关注。本文首先总结了近年来好氧反硝化菌种的筛选分离情况,以及环境因子对好氧反硝化菌脱氮效能的影响,包括溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)、碳氮比(C/N)、温度等。然后深入探讨了好氧反硝化生物脱氮技术的原理,好氧反硝化过程中的关键功能基因及酶,同时介绍了分子生物技术在好氧反硝化研究过程中的应用,以及好氧反硝化生物脱氮技术在实际应用方面的研究现状。最后,基于目前的研究瓶颈问题,对未来好氧反硝化生物脱氮技术的研究方向提出了科学展望。     

Nutrients determine the spatial architecture of Paracoccus sp. biofilm

Bacterial biofilms adapt and shape their structure in response to varied environmental conditions. A statistical methodology was adopted in this study to empirically investigate the influence of nutrients on biofilm structural parameters deduced from confocal scanning laser microscope images of Paracoccus sp.W1b, a denitrifying bacterium. High concentrations of succinate, Mg⁺⁺, Ca⁺⁺, and Mn⁺⁺ were shown to enhance biofilm formation whereas higher concentration of iron decreased biofilm formation. Biofilm formed at high succinate was uneven with high surface to biovolume ratio. Higher Mg⁺⁺ or Ca⁺⁺ concentrations induced cohesion of biofilm cells, but contrasting biofilm architectures were detected. Biofilm with subpopulation of pillar-like protruding cells was distributed on a mosaic form of monolayer cells in medium with 10 mM Mg⁺⁺. 10 mM Ca⁺⁺ induced a dense confluent biofilm. Denitrification activity was significantly increased in the Mg⁺⁺- and Ca⁺⁺-induced biofilms. Chelator treatment of various biofilm ages indicated that divalent cations are important in the initial stages of biofilm formation.