基于内源信号的脑光学成像系统的研制

基于内源信号的脑光学成像技术（ｏｐｔｉｃａｌ ｉｍａｇｉｎｇ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ ｉｎｔｒｉｎｓｉｃ ｓｉｇｎａｌｓ） 是近年出现的研究脑功能的新技术。它因具有高空间分辨率,可连续长时间记录,使用简便, 费用较低等特点,成为在视觉,听觉以及其他各种脑功能研究的有力工具。本文介绍了国内第一套脑光学成像系统的设计和研制,以及用于视觉研究皮层功能方位柱研究的初步结果。     

New silica monolith bonded chiral (R)‐γ butyrolactone for enantioselective micro high‐performance liquid chromatography

A single low‐molecular mass chiral selector namely (R)‐acryloyloxy‐β‐β‐dimethyl‐γ‐butyrolactone has been bonded to a modified silica‐based monolith to form a new brush‐type chiral stationary phase for micro‐high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Valve and seta (spine) morphogenesis in the centric diatomChaetoceros peruvianus Brightwell

Summary InChaetoceros peruvianus, the two very long, delicately tapered setae (spine-like processes) of the lower valve curve downwards gently until they are often almost parallel, while those emerging from the upper valve curve sharply downwards until oriented almost in the same direction as the setae of the lower valve. This curvature creates a deep pit between the bases of the upper valve's setae, where they emerge from the valve. In live cells, extension of setae is rapid and very sensitive to disturbance. After cleavage the new silica deposition vesicle (SDV) appears in the centre of the furrow and expands outwards over it. A distinct microtubule centre (MC) appears directly on top of the SDV. Microtubules (MTs) from the MC ensheath the nucleus, and others fan out over the SDV and plasmalemma. A little later, the MC in the lower daughter cell moves off the SDV, and its MTs now appear to mould the plasmalemma/ SDV into the deep pit between the base of the setae. In the upper daughter cell, the MC remains on the SDV. Initiation of setae is first observed as protuberances of bare cytoplasm growing from the sides of the daughter cells, through gaps in the parental valve. Many MTs initially line the plasmalemma of these protuberances as they grow outwards and the SDV also expands over the new surface. As the setae get longer, a unique complex of three organelles appears. Just behind the naked cytoplasm at the tip of the seta, a thin flat layer of fibrous material lines the plasmalemma. This, the first of the complex, is called the thin band. Immediately behind this is the second, a much thicker, denser fibrous band, the thick band. At the front edge of the SDV, 5–6 finger-like outgrowths of silicified wall grow forwards. These are interconnected by the elements of the thick band which thus apparently dictate the polygonal profile of the seta. These also appear to generate the spinules (tiny spines) that adorn the surface of the seta; the spiral pattern of the spinules indicates that this whole complex might differentiate one after the next, in order. Further back from the tip, evenly spaced transverse ribs are formed. These are connected to the third organelle in the complex, the striated band; our interpretation is that the striated band sets up the spacing of the ridges that regularly line the inner surface of the setae. During seta growth, this complex is apparently responsible for controlling the delicate tapering curvature of the very fine silica processes. Since the complex is always seen near the tip of the seta, we conclude that it migrates forwards steadily as the tip grows. While the thin and thick bands could slide continuously over the cell membrane, the striated band must be disassembled and then recycled forward during extension if it is indeed connected to the ridges lining the inside of the setae. We could find no indication that turgor pressure drives extension of the setae, in which event the activity of these organelles is responsible for growth using the justformed silica tube as the base from which extension is generated.     

Identification of putative serum glycoprotein biomarkers for human lung adenocarcinoma by multilectin affinity chromatography and LC-MS/MS

Glycoproteins in human serum play fundamental roles in many biological processes, and also have clinical value as biomarkers for disease progression and treatment. In this study, we isolated glycoproteins from the sera of three healthy individuals and three lung adenocarcinoma patients using multilectin affinity chromatography. The recovered glycoproteins were subjected to treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) and in-gel digestion by trypsin. Tryptic peptides were analyzed by nano-LC coupled to ESI-MS/MS and the MS/MS spectra were processed by Bioworks 3.2 and an in-house bioinformatics tool, ProtAn. Approximately 90% of the proteins identified contained more than one potential glycosylation site. Comparison of the serum glycoproteome of healthy and adenocarcinoma individuals revealed 38 cancer-selective proteins. Among them, 60% have previously been reported as low abundance proteins in human sera. We identified several cancer-selective proteins that have been previously characterized as potential indicators of lung cancer in serum or plasma, including haptoglobin (HP), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITI-H4), complement C3 precursor, and leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein. In addition, plasma kallikrein (KLKB1) and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3 (ITI-H3) were identified as being potentially elevated in the lung cancer group, and were validated by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, approximately 18 kDa plasma kallirein protein fragment was detected at high levels in 25 out of 28 adenocarcinoma patients, while one of the eight normal individuals showed moderate positive. The results suggest that KLKB1 represents a potential candidate serum biomarker of lung cancer.     

Different bioreactor configurations for the decolourisation of the azo dye reactive black 5 by Geotrichum sp. CCMI 1019

Decolourisation of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by Geotrichum sp. CCMI 1019 was studied using stirred tank reactors (STR) and two types of bubble columns (porous plate (PP) bubble column and aeration tube (AT) bubble column). For the bubble columns, the k_La increased with the gas fractional hold-up (ε_G) and the aeration rate. A linear relationship between ε_G and superficial gas velocity was obtained for all reactors. At same aeration rates, the PP bubble columns showed higher k_La and hold-up values than the AT bubble column. In the STRs, large and dense aggregates were formed which adhered to surfaces whereas bubble columns gave smaller and less compact pellets.

Manganese peroxidase and laccase were detected in the extracellular media in all reactors. However, laccase was only detected after the onset of decolourisation, suggesting that additional enzymes may be involved. Mn peroxidase activity was detected (about 46 U/ml) in both the STRs and AT bubble columns but higher values (110 U/ml) were obtained with the PP bubble columns.

Out of the three reactor systems studied, the AT bubble columns gave the most favourable results for Reactive Black 5 decolourisation. Rapid and complete colour removal was obtained throughout the visible spectrum. Bubble columns are simple in design as well as operation and may be useful for the bioremediation of textile wastewater.     

Separation of D- and L-amino acids by ion exchange column chromatography in the form of alanyl dipeptides

Summary A method of ion exchange column chromatography was developed for the determination of D- and L-amino acids in the form of diastereomeric dipeptide. First the protein containing samples were hydrolyzed with 6 molar hydrochloric acid, then the single amino acids were separated in an LKB automated amino acid analyzer with the LKB fraction collector. Following lyophilization, the single amino acids were transformed into alanyl dipeptides with tertiary-butyloxycarbonil-L-alanine-N-hydroxy-succinimide (t-BOC-L-Ala-ONSu) active ester. The alanyl dipeptides were easily separated from one another and the initial amino acids. Determination of the D- and L-amino acids in this form is relatively accurate and reproducible but takes some time (33–38 min). Accuracy of the determination is satisfactory. The coefficient of variation amounts to 3–5%. The use of the method is suggested to laboratories having an amino acid analyzer and wish to determine D-and L-amino acids in synthetic-amino acids complements, peptides or natural materials.     

Molecular imprinting of nitrophenol and hydroxybenzoic acid isomers: effect of molecular structure and acidity on imprinting

Three nitrophenol isomer-imprinted polymers were prepared under the same conditions using 4-vinylpyridine as a functional monomer. Different recognition capacities for template molecules were observed for the three polymers. Another imprinting system with stronger acidity than nitrophenol isomers, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, was imprinted using 4-vinylpyridine or acrylamide as functional monomer respectively. Both 4-hydroxybenzoic acid-imprinted polymers using the two monomers showed recognition ability for the template molecule. However, when acrylamide was chosen as functional monomer, the salicylic acid-imprinted polymer showed very weak recognition for the template molecule, whereas strong recognition ability of the resultant polymer for salicylic acid was observed with 4-vinylpyridine as functional monomer. It seems that the structure and acidity of template molecules is responsible for the difference in recognition, by influencing the formation and strength of interaction between template molecule and functional monomer during the imprinting process. An understanding of the mechanism of molecular imprinting and molecular recognition of MIPs will help to predict the selectivity of MIPs on the basis of template molecule properties.     

Multilevel analysis of elastic morphology: The mantis shrimp's spring

Spring systems, whether natural or engineered, are composed of compliant and rigid regions. Biological springs are often similar to monolithic structures that distribute compliance and rigidity across the whole system. For example, to confer different amounts of compliance in distinct regions within a single structure, biological systems typically vary regional morphology through thickening or elongation. Here, we analyze the monolithic spring in mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda) raptorial appendages to rapidly acquire or process prey. We quantified the shape of cross‐sections of the merus segment of the raptorial appendage. We also examined specific regions of the merus that are hypothesized to either store elastic energy or provide structural support to permit energy storage in other regions of the system. We found that while all mantis shrimp contain thicker ventral bars in distal cross‐sections, differences in thickness are more pronounced in high‐impact “smasher” mantis shrimp than in the slower‐striking “spearer” mantis shrimp. We also found that spearer cross‐sections are more circular while those of smashers are more eccentric with elongation along the dorso‐ventral axis. The results suggest that the regional thickening of ventral bars provides structural support for resisting spring compression and also reduces flexural stiffness along the system's long axis. This multilevel morphological analysis offers a foundation for understanding the evolution and mechanics of monolithic systems in biology. J. Morphol. 276:1123–1135, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Sorption of heavy metals from electroplating effluent using immobilized biomass Trichoderma viride in a continuous packed-bed column

The sorption of heavy metals ions by immobilized Trichoderma viride biomass in a packed-bed column was studied. Fungal biomass T. viride was immobilized to Ca-alginate used for removal of Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Zn(II) ions from synthetic solutions and electroplating effluent. The experiments were conducted to study the effect of important design parameters such as bed height, flow rate and initial concentration of metal ions. The maximum sorption capacity was observed at flow rate 5 ml/min, bed height 20 cm and metal ions concentration 50 mg/L with immobilized biomass. Whereas, breakthrough time and saturation time decreased with increase flow rate and metal ions concentration and an inverse condition was found in bed height. The bed depth service time (BDST) Adams-Bohart model was used to analyze the experimental data. The regeneration efficiency was observed 40.1%, 75% and 53% for Cr(VI), Ni(II) and Zn(II) without any significant alteration in sorption capacity after 5th sorption-desorption cycles.     

Production of ethanol and biomass from thin stillage by Neurospora intermedia: A pilot study for process diversification

Dry mill ethanol processes produce ethanol and animal feed from whole grains, where the wastewater after the distillation and separation of solid materials is called “thin stillage.” In this work, similar production of ethanol (3.5 g/L) and biomass (5 g/L) from thin stillage was obtained during batch cultivation of the edible fungus Neurospora intermedia in a 2‐m high airlift reactor and bubble column. The fungal biomass, containing 50% w/w protein and 12% w/w lipids, was rich in essential amino acids and omega‐3 and ‐6 fatty acids. In a continuous mode of fermentation, dilution rates of up to 0.2 h^?1 could be applied without cell washout in the bubble column at 0.5 vvm. At 0.1 h^?1, around 5 g/L of ethanol and 4 g/L of biomass containing ca. 50% w/w protein were produced. The fungus was able to assimilate saccharides in the liquid fraction as well as sugar backbones such as xylan and arabinan in the solid fraction. The inclusion of the current process could potentially lead to the production of 11 000 m³ of ethanol (5.5% improvement vs. normal industrial process) and around 6300 tons of high‐quality biomass for animal feed at a typical facility producing 200 000 m³ ethanol per year.