基于遥感和GIS的川西绿被时空变化研究

探索出了利用多时相MODIS数据分析绿被时空变化的技术方法,揭示出了川西2002—2008年间绿被的变化特征。建立了绿被提取模型。用其从2002—2008年的多期MODIS影像中提取出川西多期绿被数据。其次,利用GIS技术对2002—2008年间绿被变化,及其与温度、降雨的关系等进行了分析。研究表明:2002年绿被天数在195 d以上的区域有43.3%。终年无绿被的区域有4.3%。西北部植被生长日数短,而东南部生长日数长。2002—2008年间,春季绿被面积变幅最大,秋季最小。最大绿被面积出现在2006年的夏季,最小绿被面积出现在2005年的冬季。平均夏冬绿被面积差占区域面积46.7%。在季节上,绿被面积与温度和降雨量均在0.01的水平上呈显著正相关关系,其相关系数分别为0.82和0.84。该研究成果对植被生长潜力挖掘、农牧生产和生态建设决策等均有重要意义。     

磺酰脲类除草剂残留的微生物降解研究进展

磺酰脲类除草剂是一类高效、低毒和高选择性的除草剂, 此类除草剂能有效地防除阔叶杂草, 其中有些品种对禾本科杂草也有抑制作用。由于该类除草剂易残留药害及容易对地表水造成污染, 因而其在环境中的持久性和环境安全性备受人们关注。本文综述了磺酰脲类除草剂的应用概况及其作用机理、降解磺酰脲类除草剂的常见微生物种类及影响微生物降解效率的因素, 最后展望了微生物修复技术与抗除草剂的转基因作物是解决除草剂残留药害的最佳途径。     

Dynamics and Variability of Early Morphogenesis in the Loach according to Observations of Individual Developmental Trajectories

The dynamics and variability of quantitative morphological characters (morphological variables), which undergo changes upon epiboly, were studied by means of vital observations and measurements of developing loach (Misgurnus fossilis L.) embryos within equal time intervals. None of morphological variables, which characterize the dynamics of blastoderm shape, had monotonous dependence on time. In each individual embryo, the intervals of changes in morphological variables in the “normal” direction corresponding to the change of their mean values during the normal course of epiboly alternated with arrests, as well as with the changes of morphological variables in the reverse direction. The dynamics of morphological variables in time, which reflect the sequence of morphological states of the same embryo, and those of individual variations (variations of morphological states of different embryos on the same temporal section) had identical structure. This suggests instability of individual trajectories of morphogenesis or, strictly speaking, their actual absence. It was shown for the first time on the basis of analysis of individual trajectories of morphogenesis that its dynamics corresponded to so-called “determined chaos,” which was previously discussed only as a theoretical possibility. The data obtained suggest that upon approach to the equatorial area of the embryo, the blastoderm marginal zone was elongated in the longitudinal direction and contracted across the axis of its movement. As a result, a positive feedback arises between the cooperated cell movement and the change of shape of the surface, over which the cells move. This leads, due to unstable radial symmetry of this movement, to the formation of embryonic shield.__________Translated from Ontogenez, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2005, pp. 211–221.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Cherdantsev, Tsvetkova.     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网和血栓形成的研究进展

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网是由DNA骨架、组蛋白、颗粒成分以及胞浆蛋白组成的网状物,它通过捕获致病微生物,抑制其扩散、灭活毒力因子以及清除病原体来发挥抗菌活性,中性粒细胞这种与其经典的趋化、吞噬作用不同的胞外杀菌方式发挥着重要的固有免疫应答作用。然而,中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网的产生是一把双刃剑。近年来有研究表明它可以导致凝血异常、刺激血栓形成并为其提供支架,但这一过程的机制并不十分清楚,可能与中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网的促凝活性以及凝血级联反应的激活有关。本文将就中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网及其与血栓形成之间关系的研究进展做一综述。     

Battling for Ribosomes: Translational Control at the Forefront of the Antiviral Response

In the early stages of infection, gaining control of the cellular protein synthesis machinery including its ribosomes is the ultimate combat objective for a virus. To successfully replicate, viruses unequivocally need to usurp and redeploy this machinery for translation of their own mRNA. In response, the host triggers global shutdown of translation while paradoxically allowing swift synthesis of antiviral proteins as a strategy to limit collateral damage. This fundamental conflict at the level of translational control defines the outcome of infection. As part of this special issue on molecular mechanisms of early virus–host cell interactions, we review the current state of knowledge regarding translational control during viral infection with specific emphasis on protein kinase RNA-activated and mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated mechanisms. We also describe recent technological advances that will allow unprecedented insight into how viruses and host cells battle for ribosomes.     

禁牧条件下不同类型草地群落结构特征

利用幂乘方法则模型探讨了鄂尔多斯3种不同类型草地在禁牧情况下的群落结构特征,包括物种组成、物种多样性、生物量和空间分布规律。结果表明:幂乘方法则在解析鄂尔多斯不同类型草地的空间异质性时具有很好的吻合性;羊草(Leymuschinensis)草地、芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)草地和油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)灌丛草地均比随机分布呈现了较强的空间异质性,群落整体的空间异质性指数表现为油蒿灌丛草地>羊草草地>芨芨草草地;群落整体的物种多样性指数为油蒿灌丛草地>羊草草地>芨芨草草地;L-样方(50cm×50cm)内的平均物种数和物种多样性指数均表现为羊草草地极显著地高于油蒿灌丛草地,油蒿灌丛草地又极显著地高于芨芨草草地(P<0.001);L-样方内的平均生物量表现为油蒿灌丛草地极显著地高于芨芨草草地(P<0.001),而羊草草地与油蒿灌丛草地以及芨芨草草地之间没有显著性差异;这3种类型的草地其L-样方内的平均生物量和物种多样性指数都随着群落整体空间异质性指数的增大而增大。     

蛋白质亚细胞定位的识别

根据蛋白质的亚细胞定位,将蛋白质分为12类,用离散量的数学理论,以蛋白质中400个氨基酸二联体数目构成离散源,通过计算离散增量预测蛋白质的亚细胞定位,用Self-consistency和Jackknife两种方法测试均获得较高的预测成功率。结果表明：Self-consistency方法预测成功率为84．5％,Jackknife方法预测成功率为81．1％。     

锦天牛属阳茎内囊结构

采用显微解剖和冰冻组织切片方法研究锦天牛属Acalolepta三种天牛阳茎内囊的结构,发现内囊骨化结构物,尤其端部骨化结构物,及其控制内囊伸缩的加厚侧带和有聚集精子作用的射精管壶腹结构,在探讨天牛科分类和系统发育上均具有重要意义。     

Proteomic analysis of microvesicles from plasma of healthy donors reveals high individual variability

Healthy blood plasma is required for several therapeutic procedures. To maximize successful therapeutic outcomes it is critical to control the quality of blood plasma. Clearly initiatives to improve the safety of blood transfusions will have a high economical and social impact. A detailed knowledge of the composition of healthy blood plasma is essential to facilitate such improvements. Apart from free proteins, lipids and metabolites, blood plasma also contains cell-derived microvesicles, including exosomes and microparticles from several different cellular origins. In this study, we have purified microvesicles smaller than 220nm from plasma of healthy donors and performed proteomic, ultra-structural, biochemical and functional analyses. We have detected 161 microvesicle-associated proteins, including many associated with the complement and coagulation signal-transduction cascades. Several proteases and protease inhibitors associated with acute phase responses were present, indicating that these microvesicles may be involved in these processes. There was a remarkably high variability in the protein content of plasma from different donors. In addition, we report that this variability could be relevant for their interaction with cellular systems. This work provides valuable information on plasma microvesicles and a foundation to understand microvesicle biology and clinical implications.     

印楝素乳油对黄曲条跳甲种群控制作用评价

在生命表方法分析的基础上。建立了害虫累积为害量指标,用以描述和比较某一时间段内害虫动态持续为害力大小．应用该指标分析印楝素乳油对黄曲条跳甲(Phyllotreta striolata(F.))种群控制作用,结果表明,对成虫显著的忌避作用是其对种群控制的主要机理．印楝素0．50ml·L^-1对成虫的忌避率为83．75％,种群趋势指数I值降为0．3354,干扰作用控制指数为0．0863．采用田间试验获得的结果,避免了室内测定的空间限制,因而是评价异源植物次生化合物对害虫忌避作用的主要依据．该指标在以害虫控制为目标的动态研究中具有较好的应用前景．