上海市近地面CO2浓度及其与下垫面特征的定量关系

城市化所带来的土地利用变化和化石燃料燃烧对全球碳循环和气候变化产生了深远影响.明确城市区域CO₂浓度的空间变化特征,对于认识和控制温室气体排放、减少人类活动对全球气候变化的影响具有重要意义.本研究以高强度人类扰动和快速城市化背景下的上海市为研究对象,于2014年春季利用近红外气体分析仪Li 840A开展近地面CO2浓度样带监测,结合遥感数据获取的城市下垫面特征信息,在明确上海市近地面CO₂浓度空间分布格局的基础上,进一步定量分析其对城市下垫面特征的响应机制.结果表明： 上海市近地面CO₂浓度为(443.4±22.0) μmol·mol^-1,城市中心CO₂浓度比郊区平均高12.5%(52.5 μmol·mol^-1).近地面CO₂浓度空间异质性显著,呈现西北高、西南次之、东南低的趋势,总体表现为随着下垫面城市化水平的降低而降低. 城市下垫面植被覆盖率(C_Veg)是城市近地面CO₂浓度的重要指示因子,两者呈现负相关;不透水层覆盖率(C_ISA)次之,两者呈正相关.CO₂浓度（C_CO2）与C_ISA及C_Veg的相关性(R²)在缓冲距离为5 km时同时达到峰值,三者之间的定量关系可通过建立逐步回归方程表征：C_CO2=0.32C_ISA-0.89C_Veg+445.13 (R²=0.66, P<0.01).
     

上海环城林带景观美学评价及优化策略

选取上海环城林带7种植物群落,采用美景度评判法,从林内景观和林外景观2个空间层次和春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,应用数量化理论Ⅰ建立了美景度和各景观因子类目之间的景观评价与预测的多元回归模型,分析了群落的结构特征和季相特征对林内景观以及外貌特征对林外景观的影响,并提出相应的优化对策。结果表明:(1)群落结构特征对林内景观的影响主要因子为胸径(平均胸径和胸径变异系数)、郁闭度和疏透度。在春季,林内美景度随着树木胸径增大而增加;在夏季,郁闭度增大会提升林内美景度;在秋季,胸径变异小的群落具有更高的林内观赏性;在冬季,疏透度对林内景观美景度影响最大。(2)群落季相特征对林内景观的影响,在各季节表现亦不同。在春季,黄色、紫色等明度较高的色相和开花量适中的群落美景度最佳;在夏季,生长势好、林冠层变化小以及树干清晰度高的群落具较高的美景度,且观花可显著提高夏季林内美景度;在秋季,色彩越纯美景度越高;而在冬季,树皮颜色深的群落美景度高。(3)群落外貌特征对林外景观有显著影响,其中林冠线对林外景观美景度影响最大,其次为林缘线。具有起伏不大林冠线和自然流畅林缘线的植物群落美景度高。旨在通过对典型植被群落不同季相的美景度评价,对上海环城林带的群落景观进行定量的评价,进而为不同情景下的群落结构优化提出相应的对策,为城市森林的群落建构与管理提供科学依据。     

上海市凤眼莲种群的时空分布及控制对策

凤眼莲是上海市水体中危害最严重的入侵种之一.本研究调查了上海市及所辖各区县凤眼莲种群的分布现状,结果表明,凤眼莲在各区县水体中分布不均,以与江、浙两省相接的区县危害最严重.河道内其它水生植物的分布是凤眼莲固着生长的主要机制,这些植物主要为：喜旱莲子草、菰、芦苇、牛筋草、千金子等.凤眼莲的种群爆发规律：每年3～5月为萌芽阶段,7月下旬为爆发起始时期,8月中下旬至12月上旬为爆发的高峰期,12月下旬开始枯萎死亡,但其腋芽能够存活越冬,是来年爆发的种源.上游漂移而来的凤眼莲是种群爆发的另一因素.有鉴于此,提出其控制措施：①最佳打捞季节为12月～翌年6月,以去除种源为目标;②加强与周边省份的协调合作;③开展生物防治的研究;④清理河道内及堤岸上的水生杂草.以上措施的综合施用是控制上海市凤眼莲的有力保障.     

城市胁迫生境下二球悬铃木叶片的发育稳定度及其环境指示功能

对采自上海市区14个样点的二球悬铃木叶片发育稳定度、叶片气孔密度和气孔长径进行研究。结果表明,在3个采样时期,根据叶片宽度确定的非稳态不对称指数(FA1)和根据叶片侧脉长度确定的偏向性不对称指数(RDA1)在不同环境胁迫程度(UESL)下均表现出显著的差异,但进一步分析表明,各样点FA1与环境胁迫程度UESL之间呈显著的非线性回归关系,而RDA1与环境胁迫程度之间却未显示类似关系。此外,FA1与叶片气孔密度和气孔长径之间的显著相关关系表明,它们可共同作为指示小尺度上环境胁迫的有效指标,而RDA1是叶片的一种正常发育状态参数,并不适于反映环境胁迫状态。     

上海郊区冬夏季鸟类群落特征比较

2000年冬季和2001年夏季对上海郊区三种典型生境(农田居民区、湿地滩涂和丘陵林地)鸟类分别进行了调查,共记录到鸟类96种,隶属14目29科。本文重点探讨了冬夏两季鸟类群落的多样性、均匀度、优势度、生物量、重要值、种间相通机率、食性等群落特征。研究结果表明,上海郊区冬季鸟类种类、密度、多样性和生物量都明显高于夏季,而优势度则夏季高于冬季。不同生境中,湿地鸟类多样性和均匀度均最高,优势度农田居民区最高。密度冬季湿地最大,夏季农田居民区最大。改善环境的自然性、增加空间异质性、扩大保护区面积和减少人为干扰等可使鸟类群落的多样性和密度增加。     

上海外高桥保税区可持续发展的生态环境规划研究

以可持续发展理论和生态规划理论为指导,应用环境监测、遥感分析和GIS等方法评价了上海外高桥保税区大气、水体、土壤、噪声、绿化等生态环境质量现状和发展趋势,从生态环境建设的指标体系、环境保护规划和管理、绿地系统规划等方面提出了对策措施。     

上海和纽约城市不透水面时空变化及其对生态质量影响的对比

城市空间的扩展使得大量的不透水面取代了以植被为主的自然地表景观,尤其是在规模较大的城市,其高比例的不透水面很大程度上影响了城市生态质量.本研究以中、美2个人口规模最大的城市——上海和纽约为研究区,基于上海1989、2002和2015年和纽约近同期的1991、2001和2015年的Landsat影像,利用归一化不透水面指数(NDISI)提取研究区各年份的不透水面信息,通过遥感生态指数(RSEI)评价城市不透水面大幅增长导致的城市生态质量变化,并借助景观指数分析上海和纽约两种不透水面空间分布格局对城市生态质量的影响.结果表明: 20世纪90年代初到2015年,上海和纽约的城市不透水面增长速率和空间变化模式存在显著差异.研究期间,上海不透水面的总增加面积是纽约的17.4倍,年均增长速率是纽约的62.2倍.上海的城市扩张方式主要表现为由城市中心向周边乡村扩展,而纽约的城市无明显扩张,不透水面以填充的方式在城市内部增加.2种不同的不透水面变化模式和空间分布格局对城市生态质量产生了不同影响.上海的RSEI均值从1989年的0.717下降到2015年的0.453,总体降幅达 36.8%;而1991和2015年纽约的RSEI分别为0.552和0.514,下降6.9%,其幅度远小于上海.在不透水面斑块面积大、斑块内部高度连通和聚集的区域,城市生态质量较差.     

Characterization of long non-coding RNAs and MEF2C-AS1 identified as a novel biomarker in diffuse gastric cancer

Previous studies proved that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important role in human cancer. However, the knowledge of genome scale expression of lncRNAs and their potential biological function in gastric cancer is still lacking. Next generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on tumor tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues of six diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) patients. Then we performed a comprehensive analysis on lncRNAs and mRNA. Fifty-eight lncRNAs were upregulated and 54 lncRNAs were downregulated in diffuse gastric cancer tissue compared with adjacent tissue. The numbers of up- and downregulated mRNAs were 306 and 161, respectively. In addition, we inferred the function of lncRNAs by construction of a co-expression network for deregulated mRNAs and lncRNAs. Co-expressed genes of MEF2C-AS1 and FENDRR were enriched to RAS and TGF-beta signaling pathway. MEF2C-AS1 and FENDRR expression were re-evaluated by Real-time Quantitative PCR in 42 DGC patients' tumor and normal tissues, and other 46 DGC patents' and 21 healthy controls' plasma. Validation data showed MEF2C-AS1 and FENDRR were significantly downregulated in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues. And decreased FENDRR are associated with aggressive tumor characteristics including more advanced stage (P = .030), poor differentiation (P = .043) and lymphatic metastasis (P = .001). The expression level MEF2C-AS1 was significantly lower in DGC patients' plasma than that in healthy controls' plasma. In gastric cancer cell lines, knock-down of MEF2C-AS1 or FENDRR reduced the protein levels of FAT3, NTN1 and LYVE1 (the co-expressed genes), which were related with gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion by previous studies. In addition, knock-down of MEF2C-AS1 or FENDRR promoted aggressive tumor behaviors in in-vitro assays. In this study, we provide a valuable resource of lncRNAs which might play important roles in the function of oncogenes or tumor suppressors affecting the development and progression of diffuse gastric cancer.     

Preoperative Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Peripheral Blood Predicts Stages,Metastasis, and Histological Grades in Patients with Ovarian Cancer

PURPOSE: The monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) has been shown to be associated with the prognosis of various solid tumors. This study sought to evaluate the important value of the MLR in ovarian cancer patients. METHODS: A total of 133 ovarian cancer patients and 43 normal controls were retrospectively reviewed. The patients'' demographics were analyzed along with clinical and pathologic data. The counts of peripheral neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets were collected and used to calculate the MLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). The optimal cutoff value of the MLR was determined by using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. We compared the MLR, NLR, and PLR between ovarian cancer and normal control patients and among patients with different stages and different grades, as well as between patients with lymph node metastasis and non–lymph node metastasis. We then investigated the value of the MLR in predicting the stage, grade, and lymph node positivity by using logistic regression. The impact of the MLR on overall survival (OS) was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in the MLR were observed between ovarian cancer patients and normal controls. However, no difference was found for the NLR and PLR. Highly significant differences in the MLR were found among patients with different stages (stage I-II and stage III-IV), grades (G1 and >G1), and lymph node metastasis status. The MLR was a significant and independent risk factor for lymph node metastasis, as determined by logistic regression. The optimal cutoff value of the MLR was 0.23. We also classified the data according to tumor markers (CA125, CA199, HE4, AFP, and CEA) and conventional coagulation parameters (International Normalized Ratio [INR] and fibrinogen). Highly significant differences in CA125, CA199, HE4, INR, fibrinogen levels, and lactate dehydrogenase were found between the low-MLR group (MLR ≤ 0.23) and the high-MLR group (MLR > 0.23). Correspondingly, dramatic differences were observed between the two groups in OS. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the peripheral blood MLR before surgery could be a significant predictor of advanced stages, advanced pathologic grades, and positive lymphatic metastasis in ovarian cancer patients.