山东南部景观生态对策研究

在对山东南部气候、地貌、土壤、植被等景观生态要素研究的基础上,以地貌和基质为基本线索、以植被为标志建立了该地区的景观生态分类系统．该系统为二级分类系统,包括７个景观型、１７个景观亚型,其中,景观型根据植被（植被型或栽培植被型）划分,景观亚型根据地貌、植被（群系组或栽培组合）划分．以景观亚型或景观亚型的组合为基本单位,以１∶１００万土壤图为基础底图,参考多种比例尺的卫星照片、植被图、土地利用图、地貌图等,编制了山东南部１∶１００万景观生态类型图;在景观生态类型图上量算了各景观亚型的面积．据此详细分析了山东南部稀疏植被景观、常绿针叶林景观、落叶阔叶林景观、旱地作物景观、水旱轮作景观、湖泊景观等主要景观型的生态问题,提出了相应的生态对策     

Comparative phylogeography of the western Indian Ocean reef fauna

Assessing patterns of connectivity at the community and population levels is relevant to marine resource management and conservation. The present study reviews this issue with a focus on the western Indian Ocean (WIO) biogeographic province. This part of the Indian Ocean holds more species than expected from current models of global reef fish species richness. In this study, checklists of reef fish species were examined to determine levels of endemism in each of 10 biogeographic provinces of the Indian Ocean. Results showed that the number of endemic species was higher in the WIO than in any other region of the Indian Ocean. Endemic species from the WIO on the average had a larger body size than elsewhere in the tropical Indian Ocean. This suggests an effect of peripheral speciation, as previously documented in the Hawaiian reef fish fauna, relative to other sites in the tropical western Pacific. To explore evolutionary dynamics of species across biogeographic provinces and infer mechanisms of speciation, we present and compare the results of phylogeographic surveys based on compilations of published and unpublished mitochondrial DNA sequences for 19 Indo-Pacific reef-associated fishes (rainbow grouper Cephalopholis argus, scrawled butterflyfish Chaetodon meyeri, bluespot mullet Crenimugil sp. A, humbug damselfish Dascyllus abudafur/Dascyllus aruanus, areolate grouper Epinephelus areolatus, blacktip grouper Epinephelus fasciatus, honeycomb grouper Epinephelus merra, bluespotted cornetfish Fistularia commersonii, cleaner wrasse Labroides sp. 1, longface emperor Lethrinus sp. A, bluestripe snapper Lutjanus kasmira, unicornfishes Naso brevirosris, Naso unicornis and Naso vlamingii, blue-spotted maskray Neotrygon kuhlii, largescale mullet Planiliza macrolepis, common parrotfish Scarus psicattus, crescent grunter Terapon jarbua, whitetip reef shark Triaenodon obesus) and three coastal Indo-West Pacific invertebrates (blue seastar Linckia laevigata, spiny lobster Panulirus homarus, small giant clam Tridacna maxima). Heterogeneous and often unbalanced sampling design, paucity of data in a number of cases, and among-species discrepancy in phylogeographic structure precluded any generalization regarding phylogeographic patterns. Nevertheless, the WIO might have been a source of haplotypes in some cases and it also harboured an endemic clade in at least one case. The present survey also highlighted likely cryptic species. This may eventually affect the accuracy of the current checklists of species, which form the basis of some of the recent advances in Indo-West Pacific marine ecology and biogeography.     

Comparison of reptile sampling in Iran with pitfall versus double-ended funnel traps

In north Khorasan province, Iran, we compared the effectiveness of two types of traps for collecting reptiles: funnel traps and pitfall traps. Three stations were monitored over three 10-day periods and in total 544 individuals (including 200 recaptures) belonging to 5 species and 4 families of lizards (Lacertidae) were collected. Funnel traps with 280 captures were more efficient than pitfall traps with 264 captures, but the differences between the two traps are not significant. Three species were captured most often in the three different stations respectively: station 1, Bunopus crassicauda (22% relative frequency); station 2, Eremias fasciata (29% relative frequency); and station 3, Trapelus agilis (32% relative frequency). Shannon species richness indices were higher for pitfall than funnel traps (i.e., 1.45 vs. 1.40), but the difference was not significant. Pitfall traps were better for capturing species that search widely for food, while the funnel traps preferentially captured species that climb plants, such as Trapelus agilis. We recommend using both types of trap to capture the various types of species in any one region.     

甘肃草本植物区系的一条分界线

对甘肃产5科161属531种草本植物（不包括栽培属种）进行了鉴定和登记,且对它们进行了统计分析和区系地理研究,从种数与纬度的关系图中得出,北纬36°05′一线为甘肃草本植物区系中的一条可能的分界线。     

云南省可培养丝孢真菌资源的调查研究Ⅱ

本文继续报道曲霉属的16个分类群：杂色曲霉原变种,杂色曲霉疣梗变种,聚多曲霉,焦曲霉,土曲霉原变种,土曲霉金色变种,黄柄曲霉,温特曲霉,黄曲霉原变种,黄曲霉柱头变种,溜曲霉,炭黑曲霉,黑曲霉,泡盛曲霉,塔宾曲霉和日本曲霉。     

陕北黄土高原植被基本特征及其对土壤性质的影响

本文论述了陕北黄土高原植被的性质,并以土壤分析数据说明植被破坏不仅影响土壤的机械侵蚀,而且使土壤的有机质、氮、磷、含水量等一些重要数值降低,一般程度不等的降低幅度为2一7倍之间;另外,恢复植被不仅能保持水土,防止侵蚀,更重要的是使土壤性质因素向良好方向发展,提高土壤肥力。     

云南省4种伊蚊的乙型脑炎病毒分离物的研究

在云南省西南边境９县市捕获伊蚊属雌性成蚊１６种１９３６７只,用细胞法和乳鼠法分离病毒。从１８５批６４９１只白纹伊蚊中分离到病毒２株,从５０批１６０５只剌扰伊蚊中分离到病毒２株,从２３批７７２只窄翅伊蚊中分离到病毒２株,从４批１０３只阿萨姆伊蚊中分离到病毒１株。其它１２种共１０３９６只伊蚊的病毒分离物为阴性。分离到的７株病毒经免疫荧光、酶免疫、血凝抑制和中和试验鉴定,均为乙型脑炎病毒（ＪＥｖｉｒｕｓ）。白纹伊蚊是野外竹林的优势蚊种。分析认为白纹伊蚊在当地乙型脑炎病毒保存和传播中起重要作用,刺扰伊蚊、窄翅伊蚊和阿萨姆伊蚊亦可参与该病毒的传播。     

基于ISSR-PCR对山东玉米多堆柄锈菌遗传多样性的研究及其初侵染菌源的推测

利用11对多态性ISSR引物对2014-2016年间采自山东、江苏、浙江、河南及海南等5省的60个玉米多堆柄锈菌菌株进行了种群遗传多样性分析。结果表明,分离自山东的玉米多堆柄锈菌菌株的遗传多样性丰富,多态性百分率（ P）达96.34%,与江苏、浙江、河南锈菌种群具有较高的相似性,遗传距离相对较近,其中与江苏的群体遗传相似系数最高（GS=0.7829）,遗传距离最近（GD=0.2447）,而与分离自海南的锈菌种群相似性最低（GS=0.0148）,遗传距离最远（GD=4.2999）。在相似性系数0.74水平上,供试60个菌株被划为3个群和多个亚群组,各群和亚群间表现出较明显的年度与地理分布上的差异。2015年采集的菌株之间 G_st值为0.8694,2015与2016年采集的菌株群体间的 G_st值为0.4562,说明病菌的遗传变异不仅表现在地域上,也体现在年度间。基于ISSR标记分析,作者认为发生在山东省的玉米南方锈病其初侵染菌源不是来自我国周年发生玉米南方锈病的海南省,而最有可能来自同样能越冬的菲律宾或我国台湾地区。     

云南菜食花植物资源与食花文化调查

为了摸清云南省菜食花植物资源种类、自然分布与食用地区、食用方法等土著知识,对云南省16个地州102个县(市)农贸市场、地方菜餐馆、民间食花者进行了访问调查,对菜食花植物进行了植物学实地鉴定。调查到云南省菜食花植物140种,隶属52科108属,其中木本植物82种,草本植物58种;人工栽培76种,人工驯化栽培14种,野生资源50种。首次报道苦绳(Dregea sinensis Hemsl.)、云南山楂(Crataegus scabrifolia(Franch.)Rehder)、滇海水仙花(Primula pseudodenticulata Pax)、长毛黄葵(Abelmoschus crinitus Wall.)、尖叶美容杜鹃(Rhododendron caloplytum var.openshawianum(Rehd.et Wils.)Chamb.)、大纽子花(Vallaris indecora(Baill.)Tsiang et P.T.Li)、大花虫豆(Cajanus grandiflorus(Benth.ex Baker)Maesen Vaniot der Maesen)、须弥葛(Pueraria wallichii DC.)、白花灯笼(Clerodendrum fortunatum L.)等9种植物的花可以做菜食用。菜食花植物自然分布区与食用地区并非完全重叠,食用地区一般分布有该植物,而分布有该植物的地区不一定食用;食用种类具有从南向北逐渐减少的特点,与食花植物丰富度和少数民族有一定的关系;食花习俗具有一定的民族性,主要体现食花的种类和烹饪口味上。不同菜食花食用的部位不同,烹饪方式也呈多样化。本文针对食用花传统文化的消失与野生菜食花资源的开发利用提出了相关建议。