Gender differences in anaerobic power tests

The purpose of this study was to determine if the differences in anaerobic power between males and females could be accounted for by differences in body composition, strength, and neuromuscular function. A total of 82 untrained men and 99 women took part in the study. Body composition, somatotype, isometric strength, neuromuscular function were measured, and four anaerobic power tests performed. The men were significantly different from the women on all strength, power, and neuromuscular measurements except reaction time and on all anthropometric and somatotype dimensions except ectomorphy. Strength and anthropometric dimensions were similarly related to anaerobic power values within each sex. Relative fat (%fat) exerted different degrees of influence on sprint and jump performances in each sex. Removing the influence of anthropometric, strength, and neuromuscular differences by analysis of covariance reduced, but did not remove, the significant differences between the sexes. Therefore, factors other than lean body mass, leg strength, and neuromuscular function may be operating in short-term, explosive power performances to account for the differences between the sexes. The task-specific nature of anaerobic power tests and the relatively large influence of anthropometric factors on power production were confirmed.     

Organization and expression of mouse Hox3 cluster genes

Summary The three yolk protein genes (yp) of Drosophila melanogaster are transcribed in a sex- and tissue-limited fashion. We have searched for cis-regulatory sequences in regions flanking yp1 and yp2 to identify the elements that confer female-specific expression in the fat body. One such 127 by element has previously been identified in this region. We show here the existence of two additional regions which confer female fat body-specific expression on an Adh reporter gene and on the native yp2 gene, respectively. This suggests some redundancy in the regulation of expression of the yp genes. Computer searches for putative binding sites for the DSX protein, which regulates sex-specific expression of the yp genes, revealed several such sites in our constructs. However, the significance of these is unclear since many such sites also occur in genes which one would not expect to be regulated in a sex-specific manner (e.g. Adh, Actin 5C). We suggest that DSX acts in concert with other proteins to mediate sex- and tissue-specific expression of the yp genes.     

Some variables of the craniofacial complex in a Venezuelan population of negroid ancestry

A total of 226 individuals (101 males and 125 females), from La Sabana, a Venezuelan Negroid isolate, with ages between 8 and 60 years, were studied in order to characterize the population for its craniofacial variables and to study the behavior of these variables in relation to age and sex. The variables studied were grouped in three categories: direct cephalometric variables, which included 6 measurements taken directly on the individuals; indirect cephalometric variables, which included 18 measurements (9 angular and 9 linear), taken on lateral head films; and dental variables, which included 9 measurements taken from dental models. In general the direct variables showed the lowest coefficients of variation (CV), suggesting homogeneity within this sample. They were followed by the dental and the indirect variables, which had the highest CV values. In order to detect age and sex effects on the variables, sex and age group comparisons were performed with Student t tests. A greater proportion of significant differences were found among the direct variables, indicating that age and sex have more influence on this group of variables than upon the other two. Comparisons of our sample from La Sabana, with samples from African Negroid, Caucasoid, and Amerindian population show that La Sabana individuals have a craniofacial pattern basically Negroid, as we expected, although some contribution from Caucasoides and especially Amerindians is also suggested in our data.     

55岁以下急性冠状动脉综合征的影响因素分析

目的:探究55岁以下急性冠状动脉综合征(Acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者的影响因素。方法:选择2010年3月至2013年3月于我院就诊的180例55岁以下ACS患者为研究对象,按照其性别将其区分为男性组(101例)和女性组(79例)。收集和比较两组患者一般临床资料,血清血红蛋白(Hemoglobin,HGB)、甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)、胆固醇(Cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、血尿酸水平。对两组患者进行5年随访,对比两组患者心血管不良事件(Major adverse cardiovas-cular events,MACE)的发生率、死亡率及再发病率。结果:(1)女性组平均发病年龄高于男性组,女性组伴发高血压、糖尿病、脑卒中比率高于男性组,男性组吸烟史比率高于女性组(P<0.05),两组BMI、心血管病家族史对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);(2)女性组TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C水平均高于男性组(P<0.05),女性组血尿酸水平低于男性组(P<0.05);(3)对比5年预后,男性组MACE发生率为9.90%(10/101),女性组MACE发生率为11.39%(9/79),男性组死亡率为1.98%(2/101),女性组为1.27%(1/79),再发病率男性组为5.94%(6/101),女性组为6.33%(5/79),两组上述指标对比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:女性ACS患者发病年龄高于男性患者,糖尿病、高血压等病对女性患者影响更为明显,而吸烟则对男性影响更大,女性ACS患者血脂、血尿酸等指标异常程度甚于男性患者,但女性与男性患者远期预后相当。     

六味地黄丸联合小剂量雌孕激素替代疗法对围绝经期综合征患者性激素、骨密度和血脂的影响

摘要 目的：探讨六味地黄丸联合小剂量雌孕激素替代疗法对围绝经期综合征（PMS）患者性激素、骨密度和血脂的影响。方法：研究对象选取2018年12月~2020年5月期间我院接收的PMS患者93例,根据乱数表法将患者随机分为对照组（n=46）和研究组（n=47）,对照组给予小剂量雌孕激素替代疗法,研究组给予六味地黄丸联合小剂量雌孕激素替代疗法,28d为一个治疗周期,对比两组患者治疗3个周期后的疗效、性激素、腰椎L2～L4骨密度、血脂、子宫内膜厚度及不良反应。结果：治疗3个周期后,研究组的总有效率为91.49%（43/47）,高于对照组的76.09%（35/46）（P<0.05）。治疗3个周期后,研究组改良Kupperman评分表（KMI）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、促卵泡刺激素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)低于对照组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、子宫内膜厚度、腰椎L2～L4骨密度、雌二醇（E2）高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应总发生率对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：六味地黄丸联合小剂量雌孕激素替代疗法治疗PMS患者,可有效缓解临床症状,提高骨密度,改善PMS患者的性激素及血脂水平,疗效确切。     

Sex-specific differences in the prevalence of sarcopenia among pre-frail community-dwelling older adults in Saudi Arabia

ObjectivesTo assess sex differences in the prevalence of sarcopenia among pre-frail community-dwelling older adults in Saudi Arabia.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary-level hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 2019. The study participants were pre-frail community-dwelling older adults, according to the Edmonton Frail Scale. The SARC-F questionnaire was used to diagnose sarcopenia. The Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) was used to rank the adequacy of performance in six functions: bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, and feeding, while the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale was used to assess the more complex ADL necessary for living in the community.ResultsIn total, 283 community-dwelling older adults were recruited for this study, with a mean (±SD) age of 70.77 (±6.26) years; 72.7% of the total were female participants. The majority (85.5%) of the patients reported that they needed home care assistance. The mean ADL score of the participants was high, indicating high function and independence (KATZ-ADL: M 4.60 SD 1.75; Lawton Brody: 60%). The overall prevalence of sarcopenia among the studied participants was 65.7%, which was significantly higher among females (71.9%) than among males (59.1%), with a P-value of 0.007. Among the demographic characteristics of the participants, there was a significant difference in the need for home care assistance in female sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic participants (74.1% vs. 25.9%, p = 0.017), but without demonstrable difference in males. Additionally, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the prevalence of sarcopenia between male and female participants according to ADL scores. The strongest predictor for sarcopenia prevalence in males was an ADL score <2 according to the Katz index, with an odds ratio of 6.5, while the need for home care was the only significant predictor of sarcopenia among female participants (OR 3.25, CI: 1.14–9.25, p = 0.02).ConclusionOverall, almost two-thirds of the studied pre-frail community-dwelling older adult population were sarcopenic. The prevalence of sarcopenia was significantly higher among females than males. The strongest predictor of sarcopenia was an ADL score <2 based on the Katz index in males and the need for home care assistance in females.     

Changes in muscle activation,oxygenation, and morphology following a fatiguing repetitive forward reaching task in young adult males and females

We sought to evaluate sex-specific 1) muscle activation patterns, hemodynamics, and swelling responses to short-cycle repetitive fatigue; 2) relationships between muscular responses and perceived fatigability. Asymptomatic participants (N = 26, 13 females) completed a repetitive pointing task until 8/10 on the Borg CR10 scale. Upper trapezius (UT), supraspinatus (SUPRA), and biceps brachii (BIC) muscle activation, activation variability (CV), median power frequency (MdPF) and thickness, and UT oxygenation were recorded. Males had higher BIC CV, UT and SUPRA MdPF, and UT and BIC thickness. Longer time to fatigue-terminal was correlated to greater SUPRA activation increase (ρ = 0.624) and BIC MdPF decrease (ρ = -0.674) in males, while in females it was correlated to greater (ρ = -0.657) and lower (ρ = 0.683) decrease of SUPRA and BIC CV, respectively. Male’s greater increase in SUPRA thickness correlated to greater increase in UT thickness and tissue oxygenation index, and to lower increase of UT deoxyhemoglobin. Females’ greater decrease of SUPRA MdPF correlated to greater decrease of UT MdPF, while greater UT activation increase was related to lower UT thickness increase. Results suggest that despite comparable time to fatigue-terminal, males have greater force-generating capacity and neuromuscular reliance on recruitment and excitation rates, while females have greater reliance on activation variability. Further, there are relationships between hemodynamic and swelling patterns in males, while there are relationships between activation and swelling patterns in females. Although there were no differences in experimental task-induced changes, there are sex-specific relationships between muscular patterns and perceived fatigability, which may help explain sex-specific mechanisms of musculoskeletal disorders.     

卵巢早衰患者血清抑制素B、抗苗勒管激素及性激素水平与子宫动脉血流参数的相关性研究

目的:探讨卵巢早衰(POF)患者血清抑制素B(INHB)、抗苗勒管激素(AMH)及性激素水平与子宫动脉血流参数的相关性。方法:选择2018年5月至2020年5月期间我院收治的126例POF患者(POF组)和同期于我院进行体检的85例健康女性志愿者(对照组)。检测所有研究对象血清INHB、AMH以及促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、雌二醇(E2)水平,经阴道多普勒超声检测子宫动脉血流参数[收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张末期流速(EDV),血流阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)]。Pearson相关性分析POF患者血清INHB、AMH、LH、FSH、E2水平与PSV、EDV、RI、PI的相关性。结果:POF组血清INHB、AMH、E2水平、PSV、EDV低于对照组(P<0.05),LH、FSH水平、RI、PI高于对照组(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示POF患者血清INHB、AMH、E2水平与PSV、EDV呈正相关(P<0.05),与RI、PI呈负相关(P<0.05),LH、FSH与PSV、EDV呈负相关(P<0.05),与RI、PI呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:POF患者血清INHB、AMH、E2水平降低,LH、FSH水平升高,血清INHB、AMH和性激素与子宫动脉血流受限有关。