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71.
Aguzzi A 《Journal of neurochemistry》2006,97(6):1726-1739
Neuronal vacuolation (spongiosis), neuronal death, and pronounced glial reactions are the hallmarks of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases. A wealth of physical, biochemical, and immunological evidence indicates that the TSE agent, termed prion, does not contain agent-specific nucleic acid encoding its own constituents, as is the case for all other infectious pathogens. Also, no adaptive immune responses are elicited upon infection. A defining feature of TSEs is the deposition, mainly in the brain and lymphoreticular tissues, of an aggregated and structurally abnormal protein, designated PrP(Sc) or PrP-res, which represents a conformational isomer of the ubiquitous surface protein PrP(C). Biochemical and genetic evidence link PrP and its gene to the disease. Although TSEs are by definition transmissible, a growing number of Prnp-associated non-infectious neurodegenerative proteinopathies are now being recognized. 相似文献
72.
Edward Málaga-Trillo Evgenia Salta Antonio FiguerasCynthia Panagiotidis Theodoros Sklaviadis 《生物化学与生物物理学报:疾病的分子基础》2011,1812(3):402-414
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), otherwise known as prion disorders, are fatal diseases causing neurodegeneration in a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans. The causative agents - prions - are thought to be composed of a rogue isoform of the endogenous prion protein (PrP). Beyond these and other basic concepts, fundamental questions in prion biology remain unanswered, such as the physiological function of PrP, the molecular mechanisms underlying prion pathogenesis, and the origin of prions. To date, the occurrence of TSEs in lower vertebrates like fish and birds has received only limited attention, despite the fact that these animals possess bona fide PrPs. Recent findings, however, have brought fish before the footlights of prion research. Fish models are beginning to provide useful insights into the roles of PrP in health and disease, as well as the potential risk of prion transmission between fish and mammals. Although still in its infancy, the use of fish models in TSE research could significantly improve our basic understanding of prion diseases, and also help anticipate risks to public health. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Zebrafish Models of Neurological Diseases. 相似文献
73.
Qin Gu Lijing Zhai Xing Feng Jing Chen Zhigang Miao Liyan Ren Xuanchen Qian Jian Yu Yan Li Xingshun Xu Chun-Feng Liu 《Neurochemistry international》2013
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor-apelin and angiotensin-1-like receptor (APJ). The biological effects of apelin–APJ system are reported in multiple systems including cardiovascular, endocrinal, and gastrointestinal system. Previous studies had shown that apelin-13 is a potential protective agent on cardiac ischemia; however, the role of apelin in the central nervous system remained unknown. In this study, we investigated therapeutic effects of apelin-36, a long form of apelin, in ischemic brain injury models. We found that apelin-36 reduced cerebral infarct volume in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and the neonatal hypoxic/ischemic (H/I) injury model. Apelin-36 improved neurological deficits in the MCAO model and promoted long-term functional recovery after H/I brain injury. We further explored the protective mechanisms of apelin-36 on H/I brain injury. We clearly demonstrated that apelin-36 significantly reduced the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, two well-established apoptotic markers after H/I injury, indicating the anti-apoptotic activity of apelin-36 in ischemic injury. Since apelin-36 increased the level of phosphorylated Akt after H/I injury, we treated neonates with a specific PI3K inhibitor LY294002. We found that LY294002 decreased the phosphorylated Akt level and attenuated protective effects of apelin-36 on apoptosis. These suggested that the PI3K/Akt pathway was at least in part involved in the anti-apoptotic mechanisms of apelin-36. Our findings demonstrated that apelin-36 was a promising therapeutic agent on the treatment of ischemic brain injury. 相似文献
74.
余芳杰 《中国微生态学杂志》2020,32(8):929-932
目的 探讨乳果糖联合双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊在轻微性肝性脑病(MHE)患者中的应用效果。 方法 选择2015年1月至2019年4月在我院消化科住院就诊的94例MHE患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组各47例。两组患者均予基础治疗。观察组患者在基础治疗上加用双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊(630 mg/次,2次/d,温开水送服)联合乳果糖口服液(20 mL/次,3次/d,口服)治疗,连用8周。对照组患者单用乳果糖口服液治疗,剂量、用法及疗程同观察组。观察两组患者治疗前后血氨、血清内毒素(ET)、数字连接试验(NCT)时间和数字符号实验(DST)评分及肠道菌群数量的变化,并比较肝性脑病(HE)的转变率。 结果 治疗8周后,两组患者血氨、ET和NCT时间均较治疗前明显下降,DST评分较治疗前明显上升,且观察组变化幅度大于对照组(均P2=3.89,P=0.049)。 结论 乳果糖联合双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊能显著改善MHE患者智力测验结果,降低HE转化率,其作用机制可能与其能纠正患者肠道菌群紊乱,降低血氨水平,控制内毒素血症相关。 相似文献
75.
Repeated administration of thioacetamide (TAA) to CD1 mice produced hepatic failure and biochemical and behavioral effects characteristic of hepatogenic encephalopathy (HE). The symptoms in mice resembled those previously observed in rats after similar treatments. It is, howeve, obvious that both in rats and mice the severity of symptoms depends not only on dose and dosing schedule of TAA, but also on strain and body weight (age). Administration of 5-fluoromethylornithine (5FMOrn), a selective inactivator of ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), significantly reduced mortality, and it ameliorated most of the TAA-induced pathologic symptoms, such as hypothermia, decreased locomotor and exploratory behavior, pathologic liver function and amino acid patterns. The most prominent biochemical consequence of 5FMOrn administration is the elevation of ornithine concentrations in tissues, including the brain, and in body fluids. Elevated ornithine concentrations are, therefore, the most likely basis for the therapeutic effects of 5FMOrn. In agreement with this notion is the enhancement of citrulline and urea formation. These findings and the observation that administration of ornithine in combination with a branched-chain 2-oxoacid ameliorated the pathologic symptoms of portal-systemic encephalopathy suggest inhibition of OAT in the treatment of this disease. The liver protective effect of 5FMOrn is not yet understood; the enhancement of regenerative processes is a likely explanation.Abbreviations GABA
4-aminobutyrate
- GABA-T
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase
- GOT
plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
- HE
hepatogenic encephalopathy
- LDH
plasma lactate dehydrogenase
- MAO
monoamine oxidase
- OAT
ornithine aminotransferase
- TAA
thioacetamide
- 5FMOrn
5-fluoromethylornithine
Special issue dedicated to Dr. Claude Baxter. 相似文献
76.
目的探讨双歧杆菌四联活菌片联合乳果糖对轻微型肝性脑病(MHE)患者炎症性肠黏膜损伤的保护作用,为该类患者的治疗提供参考。方法选择2018年1月至2019年12月我院内科住院治疗的90例MHE患者,随机分为联用组和单用组各45例。两组患者给予低盐饮食、护肝降转氨酶、维持水电解质平衡及防治并发症等基础治疗。单用组患者给予乳果糖口服液20 mL/次,3次/d,口服。联用组患者在单用组基础上加用双歧杆菌四联活菌片1.5 g/次,3次/d,温开水送服。两组患者连用8周。观察两组患者治疗前后血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、数字连接试验(NCT)时间、血清炎症因子[白介素(IL) 6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF) α]和肠黏膜损伤指标[血清肠脂肪酸结合蛋白(IFABP)、中晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)]水平变化,并比较临床型肝性脑病(HE)的进展率。结果治疗8周后,两组患者ALT、IL 6、TNF α、IFABP、AGEs水平和NCT时间均较治疗前明显下降,且联用组患者下降幅度大于单用组(均P<0.05)。联用组患者临床型HE的进展率为8.89%(4/45),明显低于单用组的24.44%(11/45),差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.920,P=0.047 1)。结论双歧杆菌四联活菌片联合乳果糖能改善MHE患者肝功能和智力测验结果,降低临床型HE的进展率,其作用机制可能与其能抑制IL 6、TNF α水平,保护肠黏膜相关。 相似文献
77.
<正>Liver cirrhosis is the pathologic end stage of multiple liver diseases.The major complications of liver cirrhosis,such as hepatic encephalopathy,spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and esophageal variceal bleeding are characterized by remarkable changes of the gut microbiota,which indicates that enteric dysbiosis might play an important role in the progression of liver cirrhosis[1,2].The human gastrointes- 相似文献
78.
Marcelle Bergeron† Margaret S. Swain† Tomás A. Reader† Louise Grondin† Roger F. Butterworth† 《Journal of neurochemistry》1990,55(1):222-229
Four weeks following portacaval anastomosis (PCA) in the rat, severe liver atrophy, sustained hyperammonemia, and increased plasma and brain tryptophan are observed. Administration of ammonium acetate (NH4Ac) to rats with PCA precipitates severe signs of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) (loss of righting reflex progressing to loss of consciousness and ultimately deep coma). To evaluate the relationship between the deterioration of neurological status in HE and serotonin (5-HT) metabolism, the levels of 5-HT, its precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan, and its major metabolite 5-hydroxy-indole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured by HPLC with ion-pairing and electrochemical detection in three well-defined areas of the cerebral cortex: anterior cingulate, piriform and entorhinal, and frontoparietal; as well as in the caudate-putamen, the raphe nuclei, and the locus ceruleus in rats with PCA at different stages of HE, before and after injection of NH4Ac, as well as in sham-operated controls. The results demonstrate increased 5-HIAA/5-HT ratios after PCA and NH4Ac loading, suggesting increased 5-HT turnover in the brains of these animals. However, these changes do not appear to be related to the precipitation of coma as no significant difference in 5-HT turnover was observed between precoma and coma stages of HE. Increased 5-HT turnover in brain of shunted rats may be related to early symptoms of HE such as altered sleep patterns and disorders of motor coordination. 相似文献
79.
Treatment of rats with the central thiamine antagonist, pyrithiamine, results in severe neurological symptoms such as loss of righting reflex. Measurement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of brain tissue from symptomatic pyrithiamine-treated (PT) rats revealed significant reductions in thalamus, cerebellum, and pons. GABA content of cerebral cortex, however, was unaltered. Activities of the thiamine-dependent enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha KGDH) were reduced in parallel with the GABA changes. On the other hand, activities of the GABA-synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) remained within normal limits, with the exception of a small but significant decrease in thalamus of symptomatic PT rats. Affinities and densities of high-affinity [3H]muscimol binding sites on crude cerebral membrane preparations from symptomatic PT rats were unchanged. Thiamine administration to symptomatic animals resulted in correction of abnormal righting reflexes and in normalization of decreased GABA levels and reduced alpha KGDH activities in cerebellum and pons. Thalamic GABA levels and alpha KGDH activities, on the other hand, remained significantly lower than normal. These results suggest that the reversible symptoms of pyrithiamine treatment may result from imparied GABA synthesis in cerebellum and pons of these animals. Similar mechanisms may play a role in the pathogenesis of the reversible symptoms of Wernicke's encephalopathy in man. 相似文献
80.
目的:研究不同严重程度缺氧缺血性脑病患儿血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)、尿酸(UA)水平的表达及临床意义。方法:选取2015年4月-2017年4月本院收治的缺氧缺血性脑病患儿50例记为研究组,另取同期本院健康新生儿50例记为对照组,分别比较两组新生儿血清MMP-9、MMP-2及UA水平,对比研究组不同时期不同严重程度患儿血清MMP-9、MMP-2及UA水平,采用Preason相关性分析缺氧缺血性脑病病情严重程度与血清MMP-9、MMP-2、UA水平的关系。结果:研究组患儿发病后1d、发病后3d、发病后7d血清MMP-9、MMP-2及UA水平均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且MMP-9水平先升高后降低,MMP-2、UA水平呈逐渐升高的趋势(P0.05)。轻度组、中度组、重度组患儿发病后3d的MMP-9、MMP-2、UA水平高于发病后1d,且随着病情的加重,呈逐渐上升的趋势,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。经Preason相关性分析可得:缺氧缺血性脑病病情严重程度与血清MMP-9、MMP-2、UA水平均呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:缺氧缺血性脑病患儿随着病情的逐渐加重,其血清MMP-9、MMP-2及UA水平不断升高,呈正相关关系。 相似文献