Dimorphic growth in male and female cuttlefish<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Sepia orbignyana</Emphasis> (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae) from the Adriatic Sea

The relationships between mantle length and number of cuttlebone chambers (or septa), and between weight and number of cuttlebone chambers were studied in Sepia orbignyana collected in the south-western Adriatic Sea. Weight-at-chamber count and mantle length-at-chamber count were statistically higher in females than in males. As the available literature suggests that the rate of cuttlebone septum formation is the same in both sexes of Sepia species, it follows that in S. orbignyana females have higher growth rates than males. Received in revised form: 6 February 2001 Electronic Publication     

几种生态因子对拟目乌贼胚胎发育的影响

摘 要：本实验旨在研究盐度、光照周期、孵化密度、溶解氧对拟目乌贼（Sepia lycidas）胚胎发育的影响,以确定其胚胎发育最佳生态条件。在室内控制条件下,采用单因子试验研究了不同盐度（18、21、24、27、30、33、36）,光照周期L:D（0 h:24 h、6 h:18 h、12 h:12 h）,孵化密度(3、6、9、12、15 ind/L)等对其胚胎孵化率、培育周期、孵化周期、卵黄囊完全吸收率和初孵幼体大小的影响。结果表明：不同盐度对胚胎发育影响显著（P＜0.05）,适宜盐度为27～33,最适盐度为30,最适盐度下孵化率达（93.33?2.89）%、培育周期为（25.67?0.58）d、孵化周期为（5.33?0.58）d、卵黄囊完全吸收率达（89.27?0.33）%、初孵幼体体重达（0.247?0.006）g;光照周期对孵化周期影响不显著（P>0.05）,对其它指标影响显著（P＜0.05）,适宜光照周期为L:D（6 h:18 h）,最适光照周期下孵化率达（80.33?2.89）%,培育周期为 (35.67?0.57) d、孵化周期为（4.67?0.57）d、卵黄囊完全吸收率达（82.18?7.72）%、初孵幼体体重达（0.243?0.012）g;在各孵化密度下充气与否,对胚胎发育有显著影响（P＜0.01）,水中含氧量≤5.55 mg/L时,胚胎发育受阻。在充气情况下不同孵化密度对胚胎发育影响显著（P＜0.05）,适宜孵化密度3～9 ind/L,最适宜孵化密度6 ind/L,最适孵化密度下孵化率达（96.67?2.89）%、培育周期为（29.67?0.58）d、孵化周期为（5.67?1.15）d、卵黄囊完全吸收率达（89.65?0.31）%、初孵幼体体重达（0.244?0.005）g。由此确定,其适宜的孵化盐度为27～33,光照周期为L:D（6 h:18 h）,孵化密度为3～9 ind/L。由此确定,其适宜的孵化盐度为27～33,光照周期为L:D（6 h:18 h）,孵化密度为3～9 ind/L。     

金乌贼染色体核型分析

以金乌贼(Sepia eseulenta)受精卵及发育的胚胎为材料,采用空气干燥法制备染色体.经Giemsa染色,镜检细胞分裂相.结果显示,金乌贼染色体数目2n =92,核型公式为2n =44m +329m + 10st +6t,染色体总臂数NF = 168.     

拟目乌贼受精卵孵化及室内附卵基附卵效果的研究

在实验室条件下,对福建沿海的拟目乌贼受精卵进行了孵化实验,研究结果表明,在水温为21℃~30℃,盐度为24~33条件下,受精卵均能孵化。在盐度为30的条件下,最适温度为24℃,孵化率达（93.3±2.9）%,孵化高峰期为23~24 d;在温度为24℃的条件下,最适盐度为30,孵化率达（93.3±2.9）%,孵化高峰期为23~24 d。不同附卵基的附卵效果研究结果表明：不同附卵基的附卵效果差异显著（P〈0.05）,网目为27 mm的聚乙烯网片附卵效果最佳,平均附卵量为193.4粒,平均附卵率32.51%;其次是15 mm的网片,平均附卵量为137.5粒,平均附卵率23.14%。直径为8 mm和10 mm的尼龙绳附卵效果也较好,平均附卵量分别为119.6粒和120.0粒,平均附卵率分别为20.09%和20.13%;直径为2 mm和4 mm的尼龙绳以及网目为2.5 mm的网片的附卵效果明显较差,平均附卵率分别为0.92%、1.45%和1.76%,基本不附卵。无论是尼龙绳还是网片,都是以直径或网目较大的附卵效果较好。     

社群等级对金乌贼行为表型及能量代谢的影响

采用实验生态学方法,在室内水槽条件下研究了金乌贼(Sepia esculenta Hoyle,1885)繁殖过程中社群等级的形成对其行为表型和能量代谢的影响,分析测定了不同优势等级雌雄个体腕部肌肉和性腺组织中己糖激酶(Hexokinase, HK)、丙酮酸激酶(Pyruvate kinase, PK)、乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(Malate dehydrogenase, MDH)、柠檬酸合酶(Citrate synthetase, CS)活性以及乳酸(Lactic acid, LD)含量。结果显示:(1)金乌贼繁殖期不同优势等级雌雄个体之间行为表型具有显著差异,优势雄性个体游动悬浮、争斗时间显著高于劣势个体,而优势雌性个体静止伏底时间高于劣势个体,游动悬浮时间低于劣势雌性;(2)优势雄性个体在争斗过程中主要通过无氧代谢提供能量,而处于游动悬浮状态时通过有氧代谢提供能量。主要表现在优势雄性个体肌肉中无氧代谢酶(PK、HK、LDH)活性显著高于劣势个体(P<0.05),有氧代谢酶(MDH、CS)活性也显著高于劣势个体,雌性个体之...     

Metal–ion interactions and the structural organization of Sepia eumelanin

The structural organization of melanin granules isolated from ink sacs of Sepia officinalis was examined as a function of metal ion content by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Exposing Sepia melanin granules to ethelenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution or to metal salt solutions changed the metal content in the melanin, but did not alter granular morphology. Thus ionic forces between the organic components and metal ions in melanin are not required to sustain the natural morphology once the granule is assembled. However, when aqueous suspensions of Sepia melanin granules of varying metal content are ultra‐sonicated, EDTA‐washed and Fe‐saturated melanin samples lose material to the solution more readily than the corresponding Ca(II) and Mg(II)‐loaded samples. The solubilized components are found to be 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (DHICA)‐rich constituents. Associated with different metal ions, Na(I), Ca(II) and Mg(II) or Fe(III), these DHICA‐rich entities form distinct two‐dimensional aggregation structures when dried on the flat surface of mica. The data suggest multiply‐charged ions play an important role in assisting or templating the assembly of the metal‐free organic components to form the three‐dimensional substructure distributed along the protein scaffold within the granule.     

基于内壳的西非乌贼日龄与生长特性

乌贼主要分布在北大西洋东部及非洲沿岸海域,是拖网渔业的重要捕捞对象,也是大西洋乌贼科最重要的商业种。本研究根据2015年7—8月西非沿岸采集的乌贼样本,测量了283 尾乌贼内壳外部形态参数,结合内壳日龄信息,对不同性别乌贼生长特性进行了研究。结果表明: 不同性别乌贼胴长和体重存在显著差异。通过读取内壳日龄,发现雌雄性优势日龄组均为80～100 d。内壳外部形态与日龄的拟合函数中,Logistic函数的拟合效果最佳。雌性个体内壳外部形态参数的最大似然估计值均大于雄性。雄性和雌性乌贼内壳长和内壳宽的绝对和瞬时相对生长率分别在110～120 d 和100～110 d 达到峰值。雄性和雌性的初次性成熟日龄分别为111 d和104 d。不同性别乌贼的生长差异可能与栖息环境密切相关。     

三种乌贼内骨骼生化成分研究

曼氏无针乌贼（Sepiella maindroni）和金乌贼（Sepia esculenta）的内骨骼称为海螵蛸,可用于制酸、止血等。通过对曼氏无针乌贼、金乌贼和虎斑乌贼（Sepia pharaonis）内骨骼生化成分的比较,有望实现传统中药海螵蛸原料质量的提升和替代。分别使用烘干干燥法、高温灼烧法、凯氏定氮法、索氏提取法、酸碱浸泡法、茚三酮柱后衍生离子交换色谱法、离子发光色谱法检测水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗甲壳素、氨基酸及矿物质。结果显示：三种内骨骼营养成分中,虎斑乌贼水分和粗蛋白含量最高,分别为（2.52±0.16）%和（3.43±0.10）%;金乌贼灰分和粗脂肪含量最高,分别为（94.7±0.26）%和（0.24±0.04）%;甲壳素含量最高的为曼氏无针乌贼内骨骼,为（9.48±0.36）%,约为其他两种的1.50倍。三种乌贼内骨骼共检出15种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸（EAA）7种,半必需氨基酸（HEAA）1种,非必需氨基酸（NEAA）7种,三种乌贼骨的EAA/TAA为44.64%~47.09%,符合FAO/WHO中对于蛋白质EAA/TAA的理想评定标准。金乌贼内骨骼的钙含量最高（3.93×10⁵ mg/kg）、曼氏无针乌贼的钠含量最高（1.02×10⁴ mg/kg）、虎斑乌贼的钾含量最高（589.5 mg/kg）。可见三种乌贼内骨骼均是低脂肪、高甲壳素、高矿物质的中药。虎斑乌贼内骨骼蛋白和灰分营养成分含量较为丰富,是否可以作为传统海螵蛸的替代品,值得进一步探讨。     

Testing hypotheses of population structuring in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea using the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis

Population structuring in species inhabiting marine environments such as the Northeast Atlantic Ocean (NEA) and Mediterranean Sea (MS) has usually been explained based on past and present physical barriers to gene flow and isolation by distance (IBD). Here, we examined the relative importance of these factors on population structuring of the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis by using methods of phylogenetic inference and hypothesis testing coupled with coalescent and classical population genetic parameter estimation. Individuals from 10 Atlantic and 15 Mediterranean sites were sequenced for 659 bp of the mitochondrial COI gene (259 sequences). IBD seems to be the main factor driving present and past genetic structuring of Sepia populations across the NEA-MS, both at large and small geographical scales. Such an evolutionary process agrees well with some of the biological features characterizing this cuttlefish species (short migrations, nektobenthic habit, benthic eggs hatching directly to benthic juveniles). Despite the many barriers to migration/gene flow suggested in the NEA-MS region, genetic population fragmentation due to past isolation of water masses (Pleistocene; 0.56 million years ago) and/or present-day oceanographic currents was only detected between the Aegean-Ionian and western Mediterranean Seas. Restricted gene flow associated with the Almería-Oran hydrographic front was also suggested between southern and eastern Spanish populations. Distinct population boundaries could not be clearly determined, except for the Aegean-Ionian stock. Two Atlantic and five Mediterranean samples showed evidence of current decline in genetic diversity, which may indicate over-exploitation of Sepia in both marine regions.