外源氮持续输入对相应氮梯度下碱蓬残体分解及硫养分释放的影响

以黄河口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬残体为研究对象,将第一年度野外原位氮输入试验(N0:无额外氮处理;N1:低氮处理;N2:中氮处理;N3:高氮处理)获得的不同基质质量残体(NL0,NL1,NL2和NL3),原位投放至来源样区,并通过第二年度的持续输氮,探讨外源氮持续输入条件下残体基质质量改变对其分解速率和硫养分释放的影响。结果表明,随着氮输入量的增加,不同基质质量残体的分解速率整体表现为NL1NL3NL2NL0,说明外源氮持续输入条件下基质质量改变促进了残体的分解,且该促进作用在低氮处理下表现的最为明显,原因主要与其在残体分解过程中C/N比的改变程度最为明显有关。不同基质质量残体中的TS含量均呈不同程度波动变化特征,且其与相应的C/S比均呈相反规律变化,说明C/S比是调控不同氮持续输入条件下残体分解过程中硫含量变化的主控因素。不同基质质量残体的硫养分在分解期间均发生不同程度的净释放,且释放强度整体表现为NL3NL1NL2NL0,说明外源氮持续输入条件下残体基质质量改变促进了其硫养分释放,且该促进作用在高氮处理下表现的最为明显。研究发现,未来黄河口氮养分负荷增加的情况下,碱蓬残体的基质质量(C/N和C/S)将发生改变,而持续增强的氮负荷又会促进不同基质质量残体的硫养分归还,从而加速硫的生物循环速率。     

辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化及驱动机制

湿地景观破碎化的加剧严重影响了湿地生物多样性保护和湿地生态系统服务功能的维持,本研究以辽河口盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)湿地为研究对象,基于GIS平台构建1985—2019年间湿地景观数据库,定量分析湿地景观破碎化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:1985—2019年间,辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地呈退化趋势,具体表现为湿地面积萎缩,湿地景观破碎化加剧。盐地碱蓬湿地面积在1988年达到最大值4158.81 hm~2,景观聚集度较高,此后,湿地景观破碎度出现先增大后减小再增大的波动变化,2003年和2019年盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化最为严重,破碎度分别达到5.90和7.89;影响辽河口盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化主要驱动因素为人为开发活动和水文过程;景观破碎化的整体上升趋势与道路修建、农田开发、水产养殖、径流量和输沙量有较好的空间对应关系,道路修建、农田开发和水产养殖面积的增加以及年径流量的减少是导致盐地碱蓬湿地景观破碎化的主导因素。     

广西滨海湿地类自然保护区管理成效评估体系构建及应用

海洋保护区事业正处于从"重面积、重数量"向"重建设、重成效"转型的重要阶段,海洋保护区,特别是滨海湿地类保护区的管理有效性评估引起了国内外生态学家的广泛关注。根据现有评估体系中存在问题,结合广西滨海湿地类自然保护区建设及发展特点,构建了"管理机制-管理基础-管理行为-管理成效"的评估框架,通过专家咨询法、层次分析法设置形成包含4个评估要素,19个评估指标以及6个附加指标在内的评估体系。本评估体系综合考虑了保护区管理工作的产出效益,包括管控成效、生态成效和社会经济成效,在指标设计时突出了保护区的生境特点,管理人员以及社会公众的保护意愿,采用分级分值制量化指标,根据长期有效数据开展评估,适用于监测业务完善的滨海湿地类型保护区。另外,选择北仑河口国家级自然保护区进行实例验证,评估结果表明:(1)保护区指标评估分值总和78分,附加3分,综合评估分值81分,管理级别Ⅱ级,保护区管理成效良好;(2)各要素得分占比情况为:C管理行为(100%)> A管理机制(90%)> B管理基础(87%)>D管理成效(65%)。评估指标级别占比情况为:Ⅰ级(53%)>Ⅱ级(21%)>...     

雅砻江河口区产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源现状

为了解雅砻江河口区产漂流性卵鱼类的早期资源现状,2016—2018年6—7月在攀枝花市盐边县雅砻江河口开展了鱼类早期资源调查工作。共采集产漂流性卵鱼类5种,分属1目2科,其中长江上游特有鱼类3种,分别为长薄鳅(Leptobotia elongata)、中华金沙鳅(Jinshaia sinensis)和短身金沙鳅(Jinshaia abbreviata); 2016—2018年流经雅砻江河口断面的鱼卵径流量分别为3.5×106、13.78×106和3.87×106ind;调查期间累计出现8次产卵高峰(2016和2018年各2次,2017年4次),鱼类的繁殖盛期在6月中下旬;通过推算,攀枝花盐边县和攀枝花米易县得石镇是河口区产漂流性卵鱼类的主要产卵场。     

2011-2020年长江口大型底栖动物群落结构变化趋势

对2011—2020年夏季长江口48个站位的大型底栖动物定量监测数据进行统计分析,研究长江口海域底栖生物群落时空结构演变特征。结果表明,近10年长江口海域共鉴定大型底栖动物284种,其中多毛类128种,占总种数的45.1%,甲壳类64种占22.2%,软体动物56种占19.7%,棘皮动物16种占5.6%,其他类合计20种。平均生物密度为(79.5±45.9)个/m²(年份变幅14.7—195个/m²)。平均生物量为(5.20±3.25)g/m²(年份变幅1.01—10.11g/m²),多毛类、软体动物、甲壳类是生物密度和生物量组成的主要类群。十年期间种类数、生物密度和生物量均呈现明显上升趋势,口外区贡献最突出。四个监测区域(南支、北支、杭州湾、口外)的优势种差异大。丝异须虫Heteromastus filiformis在各年份的优势种中出现的频度显著最大。总体来看,长江口监测区域大型底栖动物群落自然演变趋势向好。三项多样性指数统计结果表明,口外区大型底栖动物种类组成多样性水平显著高于口内三个区。生物群...     

Pigment patterns in suspended matter from the Elbe estuary,Northern Germany

In the Elbe hardly anything is known about the actual fate of phytoplankton and the resultant pigment composition of suspended matter. As part of a longterm study on the role of suspended matter in the cycles of nitrogen and associated oxygen consumption processes in the Elbe estuary in northern Germany (‘Sonderforschungsbereich 327 Elbe’ project) and the characterization of estuarine and coastal water bodies with regard to the transport of pollutants such as heavy metals, we have started to characterize suspended matter with regard to the pigments present therein. This will allow us to study phytoplankton turnover and to determine the role of phytoplankton decay mechanisms in the mobilization, binding, and transport of pollutants associated with particulate matter. Our first data on the pigment composition of suspended matter from the Elbe and particularly over the region of Hamburg harbour, obtained using a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method, is presented. The pigment concentrations varied considerably over the summer months. Values up to 250 mg l⁻¹ of chlorophyll a were observed upstream of Hamburg. We found that on its course through Hamburg the concentrations (μg g⁻¹ of particulate matter) of all pigments in the Elbe drop to under half those found upstream of Hamburg. The pigment concentrations in the turbidity maximum were significantly lower than in the rest of the estuary due to the decline of algae as a result of inadequate light conditions and the salinity gradient. The highest particulate matter concentrations were found in the turbidity maximum and just downstream of Hamburg. The highest particulate organic carbon values were found just downstream of Hamburg. The presence of of fucoxanthin and the chlorophyllsc andb, and the changes in pigment patterns were indicative for the dominant algal classes and the phytoplankton succession in the suspended matter. The ratio of chlorophylla to lutein was found to be a possible indicator of phytoplankton breakdown.     

Long-term changes in the population of Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda,Calanoida) in the Gironde estuary (1978–1992)

Long-term changes in the population of Eurytemora affinis were investigated during 15 years (1978–1992) at a fixed station in the Gironde estuary (South West France). Total numbers, sex-ratio, % ovigerous females, proportion of copepodites and clutch-size were taken into account and their long-term distribution was related to temperature, river flow, salinity, suspended matter and chlorophyll a concentrations after the seasonal effect was removed for all variables.There was a great decrease of the river flow during the period of investigation, due to a general deficit in pluviosity. On the contrary, the general trend for salinity was an increase from 1978 to 1992. The same pattern was observed for chlorophyll, indicating an intrusion of marine phytoplankton. Water temperature increased significantly during the study period, following the general increase in air temperature observed in the area. For the suspended particulate matter (SPM), an increase was observed between 1978 and 1981–1982, then a very sharp decrease occurred from 1984 onwards.Numbers of E. affinis were inversely correlated with temperature and salinity, and positively correlated with the river flow. E. affinis was negatively correlated with chlorophyll concentration because of the covariation with salinity. No clear long-term trend was observed for the sex-ratio. A significant correlation was found between females carrying egg-sacs and SPM concentration, probably due to a decrease of the predation pressure in very turbid waters. The percentages of copepodites tended to decrease with time and were inversely correlated with temperature. Clutch-size significantly decreased during the 15-year period. This trend was mainly explained by temperature and salinity.It is concluded that, in the absence of strong human alteration in the Gironde estuary the long-term distribution of zooplankton can be explained by the natural environmental variability. The dominant factors are the river flow which governs the movement of the populations along the estuary and the temperature which influences the reproductive processes. Any change in climate will have consequences on the pelagic community.     

Photophysiology of Surface Phytoplankton Communities in a Transect from the Mouth of the Peene‐Strom to the Arkona Sea (Baltic)

The potential of surface phytoplankton to withstand photostress was investigated in August 1998 along a transect from the mouth of the Peene‐Strom (Pomeranian Bight) to the open Arkona Sea (Baltic). Photosynthetic efficiency, algal class composition and pigment pattern were determined. Algae were photoinhibited by artificial illumination and the kinetics of recovery were recorded. Under photoinhibitory treatment, algae from the estuary showed a low effective quantum yield but a high potential to recover their maximum photosynthetic efficiency. Contrary to this, the relatively high effective quantum yield of open sea algae under photoinhibitory treatment is accompanied by a low final recovery of maximum photosynthetic efficiency. These phenomena are discussed with respect to nutrient supply, algal class composition and to different strategies of algae to react to light stress. Literature data of summer primary productivity of open sea and coastal algae are compared with our data on electron transport rates. This revealed a low influence of photoinhibitory effects on productivity.