阿拉善干旱荒漠区不同植被类型土壤种子库研究

[1]兰州大学草地农业科技学院,兰州730020 [2]甘肃草原生态研究所,兰州730020 [3]内蒙古阿拉善盟草原站,巴彦浩特750360     

河静黑叶猴果实性食物组成、选择及其对种子的扩散作用

喀斯特森林的生态环境较其他类型的森林更为脆弱.由于抗干扰和恢复能力低,喀斯特森林中种子扩散对维持植物种群的续存与更新具极其重要的作用.叶猴以叶为主要食物,果实是仅列其后的第二大食物资源.对分布于喀斯特生境的叶猴来说,它们对果实的取食具有潜在的种子传播作用.基于此,于2009年7月-2010年12月,在越南广平的风芽-格邦国家自然公园,通过实地跟踪观察结合粪便收集调查了河静黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi hatinhensis)对果实的选择及其对种子的潜在扩散作用.河静黑叶猴全年共采食果实类食物38科131种,取食的果实种类和取食高峰持续期均高于其他地区黑叶猴对果实的取食.这得益于当地原始雨林中丰富的果实食物资源.河静黑叶猴对果实种类没有明显的选择偏好(-0.3＜S112种果实＜0.3),果实资源的可获得性亦不影响其对果实的取食频次(r=-0.13,P=0.15＞0.05),在雨季的果实食物种类和取食强度上均高于旱季(z=-2.903,P=0.02＜0.05).在果实性状的选择上,河静黑叶猴对处理难度较小的浆果和核果(两种类型的果实共106种,占80.9％)有明显的选择偏好,更多地选择黄色(46种)、红色(29种)和绿色(14种)(三种颜色的果实占果实种类的68.7％),重量多为5 g以上较大的果实(共104种,占果实种类的79.4％),更多地选择果实内仅有1-2颗种子的果实.河静黑叶猴多吞食直径小于3 cm的种子,在猴群的粪便中发现了85种果实的种子,尤以肉质的浆果和核果最多,如垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina)、柿叶青梅(Vatica diospyroides)、构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)等.最远传播距离可达397 m.对其他的果实,则以吐出或丢弃的方式短距离传播,多集中在6-20 m范围.河静黑叶猴是一些果实较大或果皮较硬的植物重要的潜在扩散媒介,因为此类种子不能依靠鸟类吞食传播,如水浦桃(Syzygium jambos)、红毛丹(Nephelium lappaceum)和木奶果(Baccaurea ramiflora)等.河静黑叶猴一年中在雨季的夏秋两季(8-12月)对果实的取食强度达到高峰,这期间每月在猴群粪便中发现的种子数量均超过1000.结果反映出河静黑叶猴对喀斯特森林中的果实植物种子有潜在的传播作用.     

种子大小及其命运对植被更新贡献研究进展

种子是种子植物的繁殖体.种子对后代的资源投入将会直接影响后代的适合度进而影响到植被群落的更新.一般较大种子物种在种子萌发和幼苗生长阶段是具有较大优势的;但较小种子物种在逃避被动物采食和形成持久的土壤种子库成为植被更新的后备动力方面具有较大的优势.在不同的选择压力下,不同大小种子在以后的生活史中具有不同的命运,对植被的更新也具有不同的贡献.本文主要从种子大小和种子的传播散布、种子萌发、种子存活以及种子土壤库等方面综述了国外关于种子大小及其以后命运对植被更新贡献的研究结果,并对国内的相关研究提出了一些建议：种子生态学研究需要结合群落特点以及微环境等,开展从种子生产到幼苗更新全过程的系统性研究,为植物物种多样性保育和退化植被恢复方面提出有科学依据的管理措施.     

Seed dispersal and seedling emergence in an old field community in central New York (USA)

Summary Seed dispersal and seedling emergence of common taxa growing in a Solidago-dominated old field in central New York (USA) were monitored from May 1982 to June 1984. Over 3.5x10⁴ seeds per m² were captured on seed traps in each of the two years, with peaks occuring in July (due to Hieracium) and in November (due to Solidago). About 4.0x10³ seedling/m² emerged beneath the intact community in each of the two years. Although seedlings emerged predominantly in the early spring, a secondary peak occurred in September and October when many seedlings of introduced grasses appeared. Two additional aspects of the reproductive biology of the major taxa were related to the seasonal timing of seed dispersal: As the date of peak seed dispersal (among taxa) became progressively later in the season, (1) the duration of dispersal increased from about one week to about one-half year, and (2) the delay between the peak of seed dispersal and the peak of seedling emergence increased from a few days to about one-half year.     

陕西植物地理新分布

报道１７种、３变种、１亚种和１变型为陕西植物地理新分布,４属（毛药藤属、白接骨属、马蓝属、赤车属）为陕西植物地理新分布属。     

甘蓝类无蜡粉亮叶性状遗传规律及其利用的研究

我们于1987年从普通结球甘蓝“迎春”品种自交二代群体中,发现了无蜡粉亮叶甘蓝突变株, 经过多年对其遗传规律进行的研究,认为这一无蜡粉亮叶性状是由一对隐性纯合基因控制。利用这一性状可培育结球甘蓝及其它甘蓝类具有这同一性状的新类型、新品种,提高其品质,更可作一代杂种利用的标记性状,充分发挥一代杂种的优势。     

Cell specific expression of three genes involved in plasma membrane sucrose transport in developingVicia faba seed

Summary In developing seeds ofVicia faba, transfer cells line the inner surface of the seed coat and the juxtaposed epidermal surface of the cotyledons. Circumstantial evidence, derived from anatomical and physiological studies, indicates that these cells are the likely sites of sucrose efflux to, and influx from, the seed apoplasm, respectively. In this study, expression of an H⁺/sucrose symporter-gene was found to be localised to the epidermal-transfer cell complexes of the cotyledons. The sucrose binding protein (SBP) gene was expressed in these cells as well as in the thin-walled parenchyma transfer cells of the seed coat. SBP was immunolocalised exclusively to the plasma membranes located in the wall ingrowth regions of the transfer cells. In addition, a plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase was most abundant in the wall ingrowth regions with decreasing levels of expression at increasing distance from the transfer cell layers. The observed co-localisation of high densities of a plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase and sucrose transport proteins to the wall ingrowths of the seed coat and cotyledon transfer cells provides strong evidence that these regions are the principal sites of facilitated membrane transport of sucrose to and from the seed apoplasm.Abbreviations BCIP 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate - DIG digoxigenin - H⁺-ATPase plasma membrane H⁺-translocating adenosine triphosphatase - Ig immunoglobulin - LeSUT1 tomato H⁺/sucrose symporter - SBP sucrose binding protein     

Development of a seed DNA-based genotyping system for marker-assisted selection in maize

Leaf collection from the field, labeling and tracking back to the source plants after genotyping are rate limiting steps in leaf DNA-based genotyping. In this study, an optimized genotyping method using endosperm DNA sampled from single maize seeds was developed, which can be used to replace leaf DNA-based genotyping for both genetic studies and breeding applications. A similar approach is likely to be suitable for all plants with relatively large seeds. Part of the endosperm was excised from imbibed maize seeds and DNA extracted in 96-tube plates using individuals from eight F₂ populations and seven inbreds. The quality of the resultant DNA was functionally comparable to DNA extracted from leaf tissue. Extraction from 30 mg of endosperm yields 3–10 μg DNA, which is sufficient for analysis of 200–400 agarose-gel PCR-based markers, with the potential for several million chip-based SNP marker analyses. By comparing endosperm DNA and leaf DNA for individuals from an F₂ population, genotyping errors caused by pericarp contamination and hetero-fertilization were found to average 3.8 and 0.6%, respectively. Endosperm sampling did not affect germination rates under controlled conditions, although under normal field conditions the germination rate, seedling establishment, and growth vigor were significantly lower than that of non-sampled controls for some genotypes. However, careful field management can compensate for these effects. Seed DNA-based genotyping lowered costs by 24.6% compared to leaf DNA-based genotyping due to reduced field plantings and labor costs. A substantial advantage of this approach is that it can be used to select desirable genotypes before planting. As such it provides an opportunity for dramatic improvements in the efficiency and selective gain of breeding systems based on optimum combinations of marker-assisted selection and phenotypic selection within and between generations.     

Effects of population density, sex morph, and tree size on reproduction in a heterodichogamous maple, Acer mono, in a temperate forest of Japan

The effects of local population density, sex morph [protogynous (PG) or protandrous (PA)], and individual tree size on the demographic processes of seed production were investigated in a heterodichogamous maple, Acer mono Maxim. var. Marmoratum (Nichols.) Hara f. dissectum, in a temperate forest of Japan. As the distance from conspecific reproductive adults increased, the percentage of immature seed fall and empty seeds increased significantly, indicating higher pollination success along with local population density. Although the difference was not distinct, pollination success was affected by the local population density of the reciprocal sex morph rather than that of both sex morphs. The trees at higher local population density sites suffered higher seed mortality due to predation and decay, and tended to produce smaller seeds. Thus, the impacts of local population density operated both positively and negatively on reproduction. As a factor of individual traits, tree size scarcely affected any demographic processes. On the other hand, sex morph did affect pollination success. Trees of PG type had lower immature seed fall than those of PA type, suggesting that the former has higher efficiency of pollen acceptance than the latter. The results on seed demography presented here partly support previous suggestions that heterodichogamous plants exhibit reciprocal cross-pollination and gender specialization as reproductive traits.