Lipid class composition of the viviparous yellowtail rockfish over a reproductive cycle

Triacylglycerols (TAG) were the dominant lipids in liver tissue of both sexes of the viviparous yellowtail rockfish Sebastes flavidus during the spring and summer when greatest feeding occurred. Significant declines in liver TAG during the winter corresponded to increased concentrations of polar lipids (PL), the main component of cell membranes. Elevated PL in female livers relative to those of males preceded the period of ovarian enlargement and may be attributed to the production of vitellogenin. During late vitellogenesis and gestation, ovaries contained significantly elevated concentrations of PL, TAG, and cholesterol. Since yellowtail rockfish are highly fecund and viviparous, large quantities of ovarian PL are required for proliferation of the cell membranes in developing larval tissues. TAG accumulated in ovaries in lower concentrations than PL and were likely metabolized as the main source of energy during gestation. This pattern of ovarian PL concentrations exceeding those of TAG and the presence of oil globules, may be unique to highly fecund, viviparous teleosts and signify an alternative profile to those previously documented for oviparous species. Testes at maximum I _G were only 7% of maximum ovarian size, composed of mainly PL, and lacked a defined lipid dynamic pattern across the reproductive cycle.     

一个海洋食物链能流的初步研究

选择我国北方海岸带水域中属于第一、二、三、四营养级的４个经济种,构成一个简单的人工食物链,即金藻→卤虫→玉筋鱼→黑鱼君．测定了各营养级间物质（湿重、干重）、能量的转换效率,求出了食物链各环节的生产量比值．结果表明,在这个食物链运转过程中,生产１ｋｇ湿重的黑鱼君（第四营养级）需要消耗相当于初级生产力２３５．２ｋｇ湿重的金藻（第一营养级）;生产１ｋｇ干重的黑鱼君需要消耗相当于１４８．３ｋｇ干重的金藻;黑鱼君富集１ｋＪ能量需要消耗含有１１０．７ｋＪ的金藻．     

Cryptic speciation in the vermilion rockfish (Sebastes miniatus) and the role of bathymetry in the speciation process

A recent phylogenetic review of the genus Sebastes suggested the existence of a cryptic species of vermilion rockfish ( Sebastes miniatus ). To evaluate the geographical and bathymetric range of the Type 1 and Type 2 forms reported in that study, cytochrome b sequences were examined from 548 fish. Type 1 fish were found primarily south of Point Conception on reefs deeper than 100 m. Type 2 fish were common range-wide at sites shallower than 100 m. Reproductive isolation between the two types was tested using nine microsatellite loci. Estimates of genetic divergence were made using the fixation index ( F _ST) and correspondence between haplotype and genotype was tested by Bayesian population assignment and multivariate plotting of individual genotypes. Microsatellite analyses gave strong support for the presence of two distinct groups of genotypes. All fish with Type 1 haplotypes and fish with Type 2 haplotypes from < 100 m depth had genotypes unique to their haplotype group. However, most (68%) fish with Type 2 haplotypes from > 100 m depth assigned strongly to the Type 1 genotype group. Morphometric comparisons between the two genotypic groups revealed significant differences at three of the six examined measurements. Differences in both genetics, depth of occurrence, and morphology suggest these are separate species. This observation along with evidence of depth segregation in many recent species pairs led us to hypothesize a speciation model for Sebastes spp. by which the loss or truncation of a depth-related ontogenetic migration can lead to the creation of reproductively isolated populations.     

许氏平鲉幼鱼的赖氨酸需求量

通过8周的生长实验确定了许氏平(Sebastes schlegeli)幼鱼的赖氨酸需求量。饲料必需氨基酸组成(除赖氨酸外)参照鱼体肌肉蛋白的氨基酸模式,配制赖氨酸含量为1.542、.04、2.54、3.04、3.54和4.04%的等氮等能的六种半精制饲料。研究结果表明,随着饲料中赖氨酸含量的增加,增重率逐渐提高,当饲料中赖氨酸含量为3.54%时,达到最大值(P0.05)。基础饲料组的蛋白质贮积率最低,且显著低于3.54%组(P0.05),和其他组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。随着饲料中赖氨酸含量的增加,饲料系数逐渐降低,当饲料中赖氨酸含量为3.54%时达最小值,随着饲料中赖氨酸含量继续增加饲料系数呈上升趋势(P0.05)。饲料中赖氨酸水平对鱼体的干物质、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分和能量含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。饲料中赖氨酸水平对血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性有显著性影响(P0.05),而对血清甘油三酯及胆固醇含量没有显著性影响(P0.05)。通过回归分析,得出许氏平幼鱼最大生长的饲料赖氨酸需求量2.99%,占饲料蛋白的6.16%。       

小黑山岛人工鱼礁区许氏平鲉和大泷六线鱼的营养生态位研究

以小黑山岛人工鱼礁区的2种典型恋礁鱼类——许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)和大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)为研究对象,利用碳、氮稳定同位素技术分析了其在2016年春秋两季的生态位重叠及宽幅变化情况。许氏平鲉的δ~(13)C值在春季显著大于大泷六线鱼,而在秋季则无明显差异;δ~(15)N值在春秋两季均显著大于大泷六线鱼。频率分布方面,许氏平鲉的δ~(13)C值频率分布范围始终大于大泷六线鱼,而其δ~(15)N值频率分布的季节变动幅度小于大泷六线鱼,表明许氏平鲉具有更广泛的食物来源、占据较为稳定的营养级层次,大泷六线鱼则具有明显的摄食选择性且所居营养级层次波动剧烈。此外,许氏平鲉与大泷六线鱼仅在秋季出现营养生态位的重叠,表明在人工鱼礁区群落中许氏平鲉与大泷六线鱼之间存在种间食物竞争;而许氏平鲉春秋两季的营养生态位宽幅均大于大泷六线鱼,说明许氏平鲉较大泷六线鱼对食物资源的利用和竞争能力更强。     

环境丰容对早期发育阶段许氏平鲉趋礁行为的影响

采用实验生态学方法,观测了不同环境丰容水平下培育的许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)仔、稚、幼鱼的趋礁行为反应,统计分析了两种结构模型礁对实验鱼的诱集效果,初步探究了环境丰容对实验鱼趋礁行为的影响。结果显示:许氏平鲉仔、稚、幼鱼具有明显不同的行为习性与趋礁行为特性,未放入模型礁前,稚鱼在水槽中分布较分散,仔、幼鱼则集中于水槽四周阴影区域,中央区域分布极少;放入模型礁后,仔、稚鱼在礁区的平均分布率无显著变化(P0.05);幼鱼则由1.11%分别增大至47.78%(塔型礁)和54.44%(管型礁)(P0.01),随着个体生长发育,其趋礁性显著增强。环境丰容25 d(即48日龄的稚鱼),对实验鱼群体重心与模型礁的平均距离D_(gr)、个体与模型礁的平均距离D_(fr)、个体间的平均距离D_(ff)及实验鱼在水槽中央区域(VI区)的平均分布率均无显著影响(P0.05)。环境丰容47 d(即70日龄的幼鱼),未放入模型礁前,高水平丰容组(EH组)幼鱼在VI区的平均分布率显著高于空白对照组(C组)(P0.05),低水平丰容组(EL组)与C组、EH组均无显著差异(P0.05),各处理组D_(gr)与D_(fr)大小顺序为:EL组C组EH组;放入模型礁后,各处理组幼鱼在模型礁区域(VI区)的平均分布率:EL组C组EH组,Dfr与Dff大小顺序为:EL组C组EH组;表明低水平环境丰容可有效增强许氏平鲉幼鱼的趋礁行为,减小幼鱼"胆量",这对于提高放流幼鱼在野外的存活率具有重要意义。旨在探讨环境丰容这一行为驯化手段,对于增强早期发育阶段许氏平鲉趋礁行为的可行性,为增殖放流苗种的高效健康培育及增殖型人工鱼礁的选型提供参考。     

The early life history of kurosoi,Sebastes schlegeli (Scorpaenidae), in the Sea of Japan

Larval and juvenile stages of kurosoi,Sebastes schlegeli, are described and illustrated from wild specimens. Some ecological aspects of larvae and juveniles are also described. Notochord flexion occurred between 5.6–7.5 mm SL. Transformation occurred between 13–20 mm SL. Preflexion and flexion larvae ofS. schlegeli can be distinguished from similar larvae by the pigmentation of the dorsal and ventral midlines of the tail and absence of pigmentation on the ventral portion of the rectum. After notochord flexion, the dorsal and lateral regions in both larvae and pelagic juveniles were heavily pigmented, suggesting adaptation for neustonic life style. Larvae and juveniles were caught at many coastal stations, but did not occur in cooler offshore waters. Larvae smaller than 20 mm SL inhabited surface waters. Until ca. 40 mm SL, juveniles inhabited mainly surface waters (without drifting seaweed), but also used other habitats, such as the drifting seaweed, and near the sea bed. Small larvae (<7 mm SL) fed mainly on copepod nauplii. Larger larvae fed on calanoid copepodites andEvadne nordmanni. Pelagic juveniles fed mainly on fish eggs, with fish larvae also being important food items for some individuals. Most food items taken by juveniles that were associated with drifting seaweed were eggs with attaching filaments (Cololabis saira andHyporhamphus sajori), suggesting that the high density of such food items both attracts and keeps juveniles around drifting seaweed.     

Temporal recruitment patterns and gene flow in kelp rockfish (Sebastes atrovirens)

Pelagic dispersal of marine organisms provides abundant opportunity for gene flow and presumably inhibits population genetic divergence. However, ephemeral, fine-scale, temporal and spatial genetic heterogeneity is frequently observed in settled propagules of marine species that otherwise exhibit broad-scale genetic homogeneity. A large variance in reproductive success is one explanation for this phenomenon. Here, genetic analyses of 16 microsatellite loci are used to examine temporal patterns of variation in young-of-year kelp rockfish (Sebastes atrovirens) recruiting to nearshore habitat in Monterey Bay, California, USA. Population structure of adults from central California is also evaluated to determine if spatial structure exists and might potentially contribute to recruitment patterns. Genetic homogeneity was found among 414 young-of-year sampled throughout the entire 1998 recruitment season. No substantial adult population structure was found among seven populations spanning 800 km of coastline that includes the Point Conception marine biogeographic boundary. Comparison of young-of-year and adult samples revealed no genetic differentiation and no measurable reduction in genetic variation of offspring, indicating little variance in reproductive success and no reduction in effective population size for this year class. Simulation analyses determined that the data set was sufficiently powerful to detect both slight population structure among adults and a small reduction in effective number of breeders contributing to this year class. The findings of high gene flow and low genetic drift have important implications for fisheries management and conservation efforts.