东海浮游糠虾种类特征和多样性

依据1997～2000年对东海23°30′～33°00′N、118°30′～128°00′E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法, 探讨了东海浮游糠虾类种类特征、多样性以及种类分布与环境的关系.结果显示,东海调查水域共鉴定浮游糠虾类18种,秋季最多,有14种,夏季9种,春季7种,冬季仅4种;漂浮囊糠虾（Gastrosaccus pelagicus）等11个种是东海的常见种,东方原糠虾（Hypererythrops spinifera）是次常见种,其余则是稀有种;糠虾类物种的季节更替十分明显,特别是从秋季到冬季;盐度是影响东海糠虾类分布的主要环境因子,冬、夏季,糠虾类分布主要受沿岸河流和长江径流的影响,物种数与盐度呈负相关,秋季物种数与表层温度呈负相关,与底层盐度呈正相关.东海糠虾种类组成季节特征和地区特征的形成主要与长江径流势力消长有关.东海各海区糠虾类多样性指数（H′）值大多数较低,与其主要优势种的聚集性有关.     

Long‐term temporal and spatial trends in eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea

Much of the Baltic Sea is currently classified as ‘affected by eutrophication’. The causes for this are twofold. First, current levels of nutrient inputs (nitrogen and phosphorus) from human activities exceed the natural processing capacity with an accumulation of nutrients in the Baltic Sea over the last 50–100 years. Secondly, the Baltic Sea is naturally susceptible to nutrient enrichment due to a combination of long retention times and stratification restricting ventilation of deep waters. Here, based on a unique data set collated from research activities and long‐term monitoring programs, we report on the temporal and spatial trends of eutrophication status for the open Baltic Sea over a 112‐year period using the HELCOM Eutrophication Assessment Tool (HEAT 3.0). Further, we analyse variation in the confidence of the eutrophication status assessment based on a systematic quantitative approach using coefficients of variation in the observations. The classifications in our assessment indicate that the first signs of eutrophication emerged in the mid‐1950s and the central parts of the Baltic Sea changed from being unaffected by eutrophication to being affected. We document improvements in eutrophication status that are direct consequences of long‐term efforts to reduce the inputs of nutrients. The reductions in both nitrogen and phosphorus loads have led to large‐scale alleviation of eutrophication and to a healthier Baltic Sea. Reduced confidence in our assessment is seen more recently due to reductions in the scope of monitoring programs. Our study sets a baseline for implementation of the ecosystem‐based management strategies and policies currently in place including the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directives and the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan.     

Digestive gut structure and activity of protease, amylase, and alkaline phosphatase in Calanus sinicus during summer in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

Calanus sinicus aggregate at the depth of 40–60 m (ambient temperature is 16 °C) in the waters of the continental shelf of the Yellow Sea during summer. In animals found in near shore regions, there are changes in digestive gut cells structure, digestive enzyme activity (protease, amylase), and tissue enzyme (alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), which may represent adaptations by this cold-water animal to a sharp seasonal increase in temperature of 6–23 °C. The activities of the digestive enzymes (protease and amylase) are very low in animals at stations near the estuary of Yangtse River, whereas they are relatively high in animals at stations in the central Yellow Sea. During summer, B-cells of the intestine and the villi intestinalis disappear in animals that do not feed at stations near the estuary of the Yangtse River. Respiration rates were undetectable or quite low during summer in C. sinicus from stations near the estuary of the Yangtse River, whereas they were relatively high at stations in the central Yellow Sea. Based upon the morphological characteristics of the digestive gut structure, enzyme levels, respiration rates, and the distribution of C. sinicus, we concluded that C. sinicus might be dormant during summer in the near shore areas of the East China Sea while remaining active in the central Yellow Sea.     

东海哈氏仿对虾的数量分布和生长特性研究

根据1986－1990年和1997－2001年对东海26°00′－ 33°00′N,127°00′E以西海域拖虾调查资料,共测定哈氏仿对虾样品9468尾,对哈氏仿对虾的数量分布和生长特性进行研究。结果表明,东海哈氏仿对虾的平均渔获率为458.7/g•h,其中31°00′－ 33°00′N海域最高,达到990.9/g•h,高峰期出现在秋季。主要分布在20－60m水深海域,适温范围10－24℃,适盐范围30－34,为广温广盐性虾类。周年雌虾明显多于雄虾,雌雄性比为1：0.62。雌虾个体也大于雄虾,雌虾周年平均体长和平均体重分别为71.6mm,5.0g;雄虾为57.9mm,2.3g,最大值出现在5－7月,最小值出现在9－10月。繁殖期5－9月,繁殖盛期6－7月。周年出现两次快速生长期,第一次在10-12月,其相对增长率雌虾为9.3%－17.5%,雄虾为7.9%－13.9%,第二次在翌年4－7月,雌、雄虾的相对增长率分别为4.3%－13.8%和6.2%。为合理利用该资源,宜在捕捞群体平均体长、平均体重最小值出现阶段进行保护,以提高其经济效益和生态效益。     

Impact of Microzooplankton and Copepods on the Growth of Phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Dilution and copepod addition incubations were conducted in the Yellow Sea (June) and the East China Sea (September) in 2003. Microzooplankton grazing rates were in the range of 0.37–0.83 d⁻¹ in most of the experiments (except at Station A3). Correspondingly, 31–50% of the chlorophyll a (Chl a) stock and 81–179% of the Chl a production was grazed by microzooplankton. At the end of 24 h copepod addition incubations, Chl a concentrations were higher in the copepod-added bottles than in the control bottles. The Chl a growth rate in the bottles showed good linear relationship with added copepod abundance. The presence of copepods could enhance the Chl a growth at a rate (Z) of 0.03–0.25 (on average 0.0691) d⁻¹ ind⁻¹ l. This study, therefore parallels many others, which show that microzooplankton are the main grazers of primary production in the sea, whereas copepods appear to have little direct role in controlling phytoplankton.     

15Alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in male sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L

There is growing evidence that sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L., produce gonadal steroids differing from those of other vertebrates by possessing an additional hydroxyl group at the C15 position. Here we demonstrate that sea lamprey testes produce 15alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (15alpha-P) in vitro when incubated with tritiated progesterone, that 15alpha-P is present in the plasma of sea lampreys, and that plasma concentrations of immunoreactive (ir) 15alpha-P rise dramatically in response to injections of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The identity of the tritiated 15alpha-P produced in vitro was confirmed by co-elution with standard 15alpha-P on high performance liquid chromatography, co-elution with standard and acetylated 15alpha-P on thin layer chromatography, and specific binding to antibodies raised against standard 15alpha-P. The in vitro conversion was used to produce tritiated 15alpha-P label for a radioimmunoassay (RIA), which is able to detect 15alpha-P in amounts as low as 2 pg per tube. The RIA has been used to measure the plasma concentrations of 15alpha-P in males given two serial injections, 24 h apart, of either lamprey GnRH I or GnRH III (50, 100, or 200 microg/kg) or saline control, with plasma being sampled 8 and 24 h after the second injection. Plasma concentrations of ir-15alpha-P rose from < 1 to 36 ng/ml (mean of all treatments) 8 h after injection and declined within 24 h. This is the first time that an RIA has detected such high steroid concentrations in lampreys. This finding is suggestive of a role for 15alpha-P in control of reproduction in the sea lamprey.     

Formation of Thick Dense Yttrium Iron Garnet Films Using Aerosol Deposition

Aerosol deposition (AD) is a thick-film deposition process that can produce layers up to several hundred micrometers thick with densities greater than 95% of the bulk. The primary advantage of AD is that the deposition takes place entirely at ambient temperature; thereby enabling film growth in material systems with disparate melting temperatures. This report describes in detail the processing steps for preparing the powder and for performing AD using the custom-built system. Representative characterization results are presented from scanning electron microscopy, profilometry, and ferromagnetic resonance for films grown in this system. As a representative overview of the capabilities of the system, focus is given to a sample produced following the described protocol and system setup. Results indicate that this system can successfully deposit 11 µm thick yttrium iron garnet films that are  > 90% of the bulk density during a single 5 min deposition run. A discussion of methods to afford better control of the aerosol and particle selection for improved thickness and roughness variations in the film is provided.     

Floral Spray Transformation Can Efficiently Generate Arabidopsis

In this study, floral spray and floral dip were used to replace the vacuum step in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene into Arabidopsis. The transgene was constructed by using a CaMV 35S promoter to drive a rice cytosolic CuZnSOD coding sequence in Arabidopsis. The transgene construct was developed in binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium. When Arabidopsis plants started to initiate flower buds, the primary inflorescence shoots were removed and then transformed by floral spray or floral dip. More than 300 transgenic plants were generated to assess the feasibility of floral spray used in the in planta transformation. The result indicates that the floral spray method of Agrobacterium can achieve rates of in planta transformation comparable to the vacuum-infiltration and floral dip methods. The floral spray method opens up the possibility of in planta transformation of plant species which are too large for dipping or vacuum infiltration.     

莱州湾水母种类多样性及群集结构的季节变化

基于2011年5月至2012年4月(除冰期12月和翌年1—2月外)在渤海莱州湾逐月采集的数据资料,系统地开展水母种类组成、数量分布的周年季节变动,弥补自20世纪90年代以来该区域相关资料的不足,有利于掌握该水域水母(主要是小型水母)主要种类数量时空分布特点,促进莱州湾生物类群对生境改变响应的相关研究。结果显示:所有调查中,共出现水母30种,无全年出现的种类。各月中,莱州湾水母以8月种数最多,5月数量居多。各月水母总数量的80%多由1—2种优势种贡献所致;水母优势种类组成季节更替明显。3—5月优势种为八斑唇腕水母;6月为嵊山秀氏水母和贝氏真囊水母;7月为贝氏真囊水母、9月有细颈和平水母;10月为细颈和平水母和大西洋五角水母,8月和11月无明显的优势种,但8月细颈和平水母和曲膝薮枝螅水母数量较多。莱州湾小型水母聚集结构主要呈现季节性时间格局上的变动。春季有八斑唇腕水母为代表、在湾内分布的聚集组;夏季有以嵊山秀氏水母和贝氏真囊水母为代表、在湾口西侧和湾中部分布的聚集组,以及细颈和平水母为代表、在湾中底部分布的聚集组;秋季有四枝管水母和大西洋五角水母为代表、在湾口和中部分布的聚集组。水温对小型水母聚集结构分布具有较为重要的影响作用。大型水母在本调查出现较少。海蜇和沙海蜇出现于6—8月个别站位;海月水母7—10月均有出现,但高密集区出现在10月紧邻莱州湾的湾底水域。     

Karyotyping and cytogenetic mapping of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758)

The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is an important natural resource for northern societies and is now also considered to be a promising candidate for aquaculture. In recent years, much effort has been directed towards the development of genomic tools, and genome initiatives for Atlantic cod have been established. Despite the growing attention devoted to the Atlantic cod genomics, basic aspects of its genome structure and organization remain unknown. Thus, the present work aims to study cytogenetic features of the Atlantic cod as a contribution to the knowledge of this species' genome. The Atlantic cod displays a diploid number of 46 chromosomes, with a karyotypic formula 16 m/sm + 30 st/t. Conventional karyotyping was improved by chromosomal mapping of two classes of repetitive sequences. 18S rDNA clusters were assigned to pairs 2 and 4; small amounts of 18S rDNA clusters were occasionally detected on pair 5. These findings could not be related to the geographical origin of the specimens, but were consistent with the variability of these repeated genes in fish in general. 5S ribosomal gene clusters, apparently corresponding to a single 5S rDNA class, were detected on twelve chromosomes (pairs 11, 12, 14, 17, 20 and 21). The present update of the existing but meagre information on the karyotype of Atlantic cod, plus the first physical mapping of repetitive genes in this species herein, opens the way for an integrated approach that combines genetic and physical mapping with the assembly of the genome of this commercially important species.